Essential Question:

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• Essential Question
• How was 1763 (the year the French and Indian War
  ended) a turning point in the relationship
  between England her American colonies?
• RQ 6A (p 164-178)

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French English Mercantilist Wars
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French English Colonial Wars
The French Indian War changed EVERYTHING
between England the colonies

• The introduction of new English mercantilist
  policies changed its economic military attitude
  towards the colonies
• England increased protective tariffs trade
  regulations so the colonies worked for motherland
  
• If that failed, go to war with economic rivals
  get the colonists to fight too

These regulations began with the Navigation Acts
in 1660
New mercantilist policies after the French
Indian War led to colonial resentment the
American Revolution
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French English Colonial Wars

• A series of European conflicts involving England
  France spilled over into colonial North
  America
• King Williams War (1689-1697)
• Queen Annes War (1702-1713)
• King George's War (1743-1748)
• These wars were based on mercantilist competition
  had little political significance, but

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these wars led to a land frenzy in the 1750s,
among French British colonists
Territorial disputes along the Ohio River sparked
the French Indian War
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Westward Expansion Land Conflicts, 1750-1775
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Turning Point 1754

• 1754 proved to be a turning point in American
  colonial history
• In 1754, English officials colonists met to
  discuss Iroquois problems at the Albany Congress
• Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of
  Union for a coordinated colonial army
• The plan was vetoed by colonial assemblies
  Parliament

This would give the colonists too much power
The plan was too expensive would limit each
colonys power to control its own actions
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Ben Franklins Albany Plan of UnionAmericas 1st
political cartoon
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Turning Point 1754
In 1754, VA governor sent 22 year old George
Washington to protect an Ohio Company claim
Washingtons troops were forced to retreat from
Fort Duquesne This clash proved to be the
beginning of the French Indian War
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French Indian War
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The French Indian War

• The war went bad for England from 1756 to 1758
• In 1757, Prime Minister William Pitt took command
  of the military
• Used well-qualified generals
• Had a blank check to fund the war in America,
  India, Europe
• In 1758, the tide of the war turned England won
  by 1760

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1758-1761 The Tide Turns for England
By 1761, Spain became an ally of France
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Treaty of Paris

• Francelost Canada, most of its empire in India,
  claims to lands east of the Mississippi River
• Spaingot all French lands west of the Miss.
  River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England
• Englandgained all French lands in Canada,
  exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade,
  total control of India

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North America after 1763
America in 1750
America in 1763
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How was 1763 aturning point in the
British-colonial relationship?
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Perceptions of the War

• Colonial views
• Colonies could be very strong when they worked
  together
• Newly gained frontier presented opportunities for
  wealth land
• Colonists learned how to fight
• English views
• Americans were slow to organize balked at
  helping raise money even to protect their own
  lands

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British-American Tensions
Colonials British
Fighting Methods Indian-style guerilla attacks Marching in formation
Military Organization Militias led by captains British officers in charge of colonials
Finances Resistant to rising taxes Colonists should help pay for their own defense
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Effects of the War on Britain?

• The war increased Englands colonial empire in
  North America
• But, the Pitts blank check greatly enlarged
  Englands debt
• Britains contempt for the colonials created
  bitter feelings
• As a result, English leaders felt that a major
  reorganization of its American empire was
  necessary!

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Effects of the War on Americans?

• The 1760s were an affluent optimistic
  post-war period
• The French Indian War united the colonists
  against a common enemy for the 1st time
• Most colonists considered themselves proud
  members of Englands empire with little
  (if any) thought of independence

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Eroding Bonds of the Empire
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Parliamentary Sovereignty

• In 1760, George III became king began a new
  colonial attitude Parliamentary Sovereignty
• English officials assumed that Parliament must
  have ultimate authority over ALL laws taxes
• The colonists tried to reserve the colonial
  authority for their own legislatures

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No Taxation Without Representation

• The colonists assumed that their assemblies were
  quasi-equal to Parliament because they had no
  Parliamentary representatives
• British officials countered with virtual
  representation argument
• The colonists insisted that only their colonial
  assemblies could tax Americans

Parliament represents ALL British citizens no
matter where they live
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Two Theories of Representation

• What was the extent of Parliaments authority
  over the colonies?
• How could the colonies accept the decisions of
  Parliament when they did not have representation
  in that governmental body?

Absolute?
OR Limited?
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Eroding the Bonds of Empire

• After the Seven Years War, everyone expected
  George to remove British army from America
  (French were no longer a threat)
• Butthis large, expensive army was not removed
• British citizens were not happy because they had
  to pay for it
• Colonists doubted the armys ability to defend
  against Indians

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Pontiacs War

• Backcountry natives banded together to repel
  white frontier settlers during Pontiacs War
• Indian successes exposed the British armys
  weakness
• Attacks revealed desperation of Native Americans
  after the withdrawal of their French allies
• Colonials took matters into their own hands
  (Paxton Boys in PA)

English colonists flooded across the Appalachian
Mountains Theres all this land no French!!
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Pontiacs Rebellion, 1763
Fort Detroit

• Chief Pontiac led the Ottawa other tribes
  against colonists due to
• The flood of colonists into Ohio Country
• British gifts of smallpox-infected blankets
  from Fort Pitt

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Retaliatory attacks by frontier colonists (like
the Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania) were common
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The Proclamation of 1763

• In response to Pontiacs War, the British
  government established the Proclamation Line of
  1763
• This law forbade colonists from settling across
  the Appalachian Mountains (for their own
  protection)
• Americans viewed the line as an obstruction to
  their legitimate economic development

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North America in 1763
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New Political Ideas
All govts are susceptible to corruption,
tyranny, intrusion upon citizens liberty

• The introduction of Parliamentary sovereignty
  contradicted Englands original policy of
  salutary neglect
• The influx of new political ideas of the European
  Enlightenment began to impact colonial thought
  (especially those of John Locke)
• While no colonists were thinking of independence
  by 1763, many became committed to natural
  rights opposed to tyranny

Virtuous citizens must fight tyranny
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ConclusionsRule Britannia?
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Rule Britannia?

• Despite the mounting tensions between the English
  government American colonists by 1763, most
  Americans were loyal brothers to England due
  of
• a shared British culture
• dependence upon British consumer goods
• shared nationalism after British military
  victories against France

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