Ch 4 Ecosystems

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Ch 4 Ecosystems

• videos

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• C-h2o cycle
• N p cyclehttps//www.youtube.com/watch?vleHy-Y_8n
  Rs

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Bellringer on 593

• How is photosynthesis related to respiration?
  Remember the pacman drawing

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• ECOSYSTEMS-An ecosystem includes a community of
  organisms and their physical environment.
• A group of various species that live in the same
  place and interact with one another is called a
  community.
• The group, along with the living and nonliving
  environment, make up an ecosystem.
• Biotic describes living factors in an ecosystem.

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• The physical or nonliving factors of an
  environment are called abiotic factors. Examples
  of abiotic factors are oxygen, water, rocks,
  sand, sunlight, temperature, and climate.
• A habitat is the place where an organism lives.
• The variety of organisms (the number of different
  species)in a given area is called biodiversity.

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• Physical factors can have a big influence on
  biodiversity. Ex.-temp, drought, fire
• Ecosystems with high biodiversity (many different
  species) are often more able to resist damage.
• When biodiversity decreases in any ecosystem,
  that ecosystem is not as healthy as it could be.

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• SUCCESSION- The replacement of one kind of
  community by another at a single place over a
  period of time is called succession .An ecosystem
  responds to a disturbance in such a way that the
  ecosystem is restored to equilibrium.
• The first organisms to appear in a newly made
  habitat are called pioneer species. Lichens are
  pioneer species that change rock to soil so
  plants can start to grow. Then new species will
  replace the pioneer species.

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• MAJOR BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES-Two key factors of
  climate that determine biomes are temperature and
  precipitation.
• A biome is a large region characterized by a
  specific kind of climate and certain kinds of
  plant and animal communities.
• The kinds of species that live in a particular
  place are determined by climate. Most organisms
  are adapted to live within a particular range of
  temperatures and cannot survive at temperatures
  too far above or below that range.

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• TERRESTRIAL BIOMES -Earths major terrestrial
  biomes can be grouped by latitude into tropical,
  temperate, and high-latitude biomes.

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• AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS-Aquatic ecosystems are
  organized into freshwater ecosystems, wetlands,
  estuaries, and marine ecosystems.

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• Freshwater ecosystems are located in bodies of
  fresh water, such as lakes, ponds, and rivers.
  These ecosystems have a variety of plants, fish,
  arthropods, mollusks, and other invertebrates.
• Wetlands provide a link between the land and
  fully aquatic habitats. Water-loving plants
  dominate wetlands. Wetlands moderate flooding and
  clean the water that flows through them.
• An estuary is an area where fresh water from a
  river mixes with salt water from an ocean.
  Estuaries are productive ecosystems because they
  constantly receive fresh nutrients from the river
  and the ocean.

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• Marine ecosystems are found in the salty waters
  of the oceans. Kelp forests, seagrass
  communities, and coral reefs are found near land.
  The open ocean, far from land, has plankton and
  large predators, such as dolphins, whales, and
  sharks.

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• TROPHIC LEVELS- In an ecosystem, energy flows
  from the sun to producers to consumers to
  decomposers. Each step of energy transfer is a
  trophic level. There are three types of organisms
  in the energy cycle

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• Producers are the organisms that use sunlight to
  make energy for everyone else on earth. These are
  photosynthetic organisms and not limited to
  plants (ex. Blue green algae).

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• Consumers are organisms that eat other organisms
  instead of producing their own food.

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• Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, are
  organisms that break down the remains of
  organisms to return the materials to the
  producers.
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Food Chains/ Webs- whos eating who

• The first trophic level of ecosystems is made up
  of producers. Plants, algae, and some bacteria
  use the energy in sunlight to make
  carbohydrates.
• The second trophic level of a food chain is made
  up of herbivores, which eat producers. A cow is
  an example of an herbivore.
• The third trophic level includes animals that eat
  herbivores. Any animal that eats another animal
  is a carnivore.

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• Other carnivores are on the fourth trophic level
  or an even higher trophic level because they eat
  other carnivores.
• Omnivores, such as bears, are animals that are
  both herbivores and carnivores.
• In most ecosystems, energy does not follow a
  simple food chain, these are not stable. The many
  foods that each organism eats and their
  interconnections is a food web

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• LOSS OF ENERGY-Energy is stored at each link in a
  food web. Some energy that is used dissipates as
  heat into the environment and is not recycled.
• When something is eaten, about 90 of the foods
  energy is used by the consumer to live (lost as
  heat)
• Only about 10 is stored in the animals body as
  fat or as tissue.

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• This amount of stored energy (10) is all that is
  available to organisms at the next trophic level
  (whoever eats it)
• An energy pyramid is a triangular diagram that
  shows an ecosystems loss of energy, which
  results as energy passes through the ecosystems
  food chain.

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• Each layer in the energy pyramid represents one
  trophic level.
• Producers form the pyramids base, which is the
  lowest trophic level. The lowest level has the
  most energy in the pyramid.
• The energy stored by the organisms at each
  trophic level is about one tenth the energy
  stored by the organisms in the level below. So,
  the diagram takes the shape of a pyramid.

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• Big predators, such as lions, are rare compared
  to herbivores.
• Big predators are rare because a lot more energy
  is required to support a single predator than a
  single herbivore. Many ecosystems do not have
  enough energy to support a large population of
  predators.

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• WATER CYCLE- The water cycle continuously moves
  water between the atmosphere, plants, and bodies
  of water.
• Water vapor (in clouds) condenses and falls to
  Earths surface as precipitation (rain, snow,
  hail).
• Some of this water percolates (soaks into the
  soil) and becomes groundwater (water stored in
  underground cavities- this is where you get water
  if you have a well).

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• Water travels in a cycle. (We make a big circle
  with our arms)
• Yes, it does. (We shake our heads yes and clap
  twice after does)
• Water travels in a cycle. (We make a big circle
  with our arms)
• Yes, it does. (We shake our heads yes and clap
  twice after does)
• It goes up as evaporation, (We wiggle our fingers
  and move our arms towards the sky)
• forms clouds as condensation, (We wave our arms
  from side to side over our heads)
• then comes down as precipitation. (We wiggle our
  fingers and move our arms towards the ground)
• Yes it does! (We shake our heads yes and clap
  twice after does)

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• Other water runs across the surface of Earth into
  rivers, lakes, and oceans.
• The water in rivers, lakes streams and oceans is
  heated by the sun and reenters the atmosphere by
  evaporation.
• Water also evaporates from trees and plants in a
  process called transpiration.
• This evaporated water (vapor) rises until it
  condenses in clouds and starts the cycle again.
• http//www.bing.com/videos/search?qwatertravels
  inacycleviewdetailmid065B3171A0126466B5D6065
  B3171A0126466B5D6first0
• http//www.bing.com/videos/search?qTheCoolWater
  CycleSongviewdetailmidE552050D72C1A9A3E7C5E5
  52050D72C1A9A3E7C5first0

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• CARBON AND OXYGEN CYCLES- Carbon and oxygen
  cycles are vital and revolve around each other.

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• Plants use the carbon dioxide, CO2, in air to
  build organic molecules during the process of
  photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, oxygen is
  released into the surroundings.
• Many organisms, such as animals, use this oxygen
  to help break down organic molecules, which
  releases energy and CO2. Plants can use the CO2
  in photosynthesis.
• Respiration is the process of exchanging oxygen
  and CO2 between organisms and their surroundings.

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• Carbon is also released into the atmosphere in
  the process of combustion. Combustion is the
  burning of a substance.
• Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of dead
  plants and animals, which are made of carbon. The
  burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide
  into the atmosphere.

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• NITROGEN CYCLE- Nitrogen must be cycled so that
  the nitrogen is available for organisms to make
  proteins.

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• The nitrogen cycle is the process in which
  nitrogen circulates among the air, soil, water,
  and organisms in an ecosystem.
• The atmosphere is about 78 nitrogen gas, N2. But
  most organisms cannot use nitrogen gas. It must
  be changed into a different form.
• In a process called nitrogen fixation, bacteria
  convert nitrogen gas, N2, into ammonia, NH3.
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in the soil and on
  the roots of some plants. Nitrogen may also be
  fixed by lightning.

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• Nitrogen is also fixed when humans burn fuels in
  vehicles and industrial plants.
• Assimilation is the process in which plants
  absorb nitrogen. When an animal eats a plant,
  nitrogen compounds become part of the animals
  body.
• During ammonification, nitrogen from animal waste
  or decaying bodies is returned to the soil by
  bacteria.
• During nitrification, ammonia, NH3, is converted
  to nitrite and then nitrate.
• During denitrification, nitrate, NO3, is changed
  to nitrogen gas, N2, which returns to the
  atmosphere.

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• PHOSPHORUS CYCLE- phosphorus is important for ATP
  and DNA.

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• The phosphorus cycle is the movement of
  phosphorus in different chemical forms from the
  surroundings to organisms and then back to the
  surroundings.
• Phosphorus is found in soil and rock as calcium
  phosphate, which dissolves in water to form
  phosphate.

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• The roots of plants absorb phosphate. Humans and
  animals that eat the plants use the organic
  phosphorus.
• When the humans and animals die, phosphorus is
  returned to the soil by decomposers and water.
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http//thinkingbig.fidelity.com/?imm_pid3immid0
0503imm_eide33431016buf999999
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