Vulnerability of Food Systems

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Vulnerability of Food Systems

• IGP 2 (Site-Ludhiana)

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Issues

• Estimating incidence and depth of food insecurity
• Examining determinants of food insecurity

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Sample

• Rural households were classified on the basis of
  land ownership
• Urban households were classified on the basis of
  income
• Total Sample Rural areas 130 (from 3 villages
  representing 3 development blocks)
• Urban Areas Sample Size 132 (collected from
  different areas of Ludhiana city representing
  different income groups)

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Distribution of Sample
Rural Area Rural Area Urban Area Urban Area
Household Category Sample Size Household Category Rs/month/capita Sample Size
1. Landless Agri Labour 29 1. Industrial Labour (below 750) 34
2. Small (Below 5 acres) Av. 3.48 acres 24 2. Small Vendors and Petty Traders ( 750-1200) 28
3. Medium (5.01 to 10 acres)- Av.- 7.0 acres 24 3. Low Salaried (1200-2300) 24
4. Large (Above 10 acres) Av.- 21.5 acres 26 4. Medium Salaried ( 2300-5000) 17
5. Others (Service Shopkeepers) 27 5. Upper Middle (5000-14000) 17
5. Others (Service Shopkeepers) 27 6. Industrialists and Large Traders (above 14000) 12
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Method of Measurement

• Incidence of food insecurity
• IFIFIH/TH100
• IFIIncidence of food insecurity
• FIHNo. of food insecure households
• THTotal number of households
• Depth of food insecurity was measured by
  estimating average food insecurity gap of food
  insecure households
• (S(TCRi-TCCi)/TCRi)/FIH
• TCRiTotal calorie requirement for ith food
  insecure household
• TCCiTotal calorie consumption by ith food
  insecure household
• Two way tables were constructed to identify the
  factors influencing food systems
• LOGIT model may be used to identify and quantify
  the factors influencing the food insecurity

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Agro-Ecological Zones of the Punjab
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Land use pattern of Ludhiana district, 2003-04
Item Unit Ludhiana Punjab
Geographical area 000' ha 368 5036
Net cultivated area 000' ha 306 4201
Gross cropped area 000' ha 605 7905
Cropping intensity 197.7 188.2
Forest area 000' ha 10 293
Rice 000' ha 241 2614
Wheat 000' ha 257 3444
WheatRice area 000' ha  498  6058
of GCA 82.3 76.6
Source Economic and Statistical Organization,
Government of Punjab, Chandigarh.
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Productivity, Production and Procurement of foodgrains, 2003-04 Productivity, Production and Procurement of foodgrains, 2003-04 Productivity, Production and Procurement of foodgrains, 2003-04 Productivity, Production and Procurement of foodgrains, 2003-04
Item Unit Ludhiana Punjab
Average Productivity      
Wheat kg/ha 4747 4207
Rice kg/ha 4342 3694
Production      
Wheat 000' tons 1220 14489
Rice 000' tons 1047 9656
Procurement      
Wheat 000' tons 720 9063
Rice 000' tons 1096 9003
Procurement as of production      
Wheat 59.0 62.6
Rice 104.7 93.2
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Factors affecting productivity and production of foodgrains, 2003-04 Factors affecting productivity and production of foodgrains, 2003-04 Factors affecting productivity and production of foodgrains, 2003-04 Factors affecting productivity and production of foodgrains, 2003-04
Item Unit Ludhiana Punjab
Irrigated area      
Total  000 ha 306 4028
Per cent   100 96
Tubewell irrigated area  000 ha 297 3019
Tractors      
Total No. 45939 459424
Per 000' ha of NSA  No. 150 109
Fertilizer use      
Total 000' ton nutri 140 1543
Per ha of NSA kg 458 367
Regulated markets No. 13 144
Market sub-yards No. 42 519
Av. No. of villages served/regulated mkt. No. 70 86
Institutional credit disbursed(2004-05)      
Total Rs million 6570 61530
Per ha of NSA Rs 21475 14647
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Water table depth (meters) in Ludhiana Water table depth (meters) in Ludhiana Water table depth (meters) in Ludhiana Water table depth (meters) in Ludhiana
Year Ludhiana Central belt Punjab
1981 6.79 5.86 6.85
1985 7.26 6.93 7.42
1990 8.3 8.27 7.93
1995 9.54 9.77 8.97
2001 10.01 11.44 9.93
Fall 3.22 5.58 3.08
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Deficiency of micro nutrients in Ludhiana and other central districts of Punjab state Deficiency of micro nutrients in Ludhiana and other central districts of Punjab state Deficiency of micro nutrients in Ludhiana and other central districts of Punjab state Deficiency of micro nutrients in Ludhiana and other central districts of Punjab state Deficiency of micro nutrients in Ludhiana and other central districts of Punjab state Deficiency of micro nutrients in Ludhiana and other central districts of Punjab state
District   sample deficient   sample deficient   sample deficient   sample deficient  
    Zinc Cu Ferrous Manganese
Ludhiana 1970 56 0 0 2
  2004 7 2 7 22
Sangrur 1990 71 4 7 0
  2000 14 0 18 35
Amritsar 1984 47 0 0 0
  2001 22 0 4 12
Patiala 1985 23 1 4 2
  2002 16 0 5 3
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Food Production in Ludhiana(Thousand tonnes)
Year Rice Wheat Pulses Milk Fruits Vegetables
1970-71 9 780 8.4 200 NA NA
1980-81 356 838 7.2 341 25.9 138.8
1990-91 826 1148 8.9 512 39.5 155.8
2001-02 916 1304 3.4 952 18.6 210.1
2003-04 1047 1220 4.2 913 22.1 211.3
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Supply Chains of Major Foods
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Supply Chain for Wheat in Punjab
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Supply Chain for Rice in Punjab
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Supply Chain for Potatoes in Punjab
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Supply Chain for Green Peas in Punjab
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Supply Chain for Tomatoes in Punjab
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Supply Chain for Kinnow in Punjab
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Price spread in food (Between producer and
consumer)

• Larger the producer share in consumer rupee,
  lower the price spread
• Producer share in consumer rupee ()
• -Wheat Rural 100 Urban 65-75
• -Rice Both 60-70
• -Pulses 50-60
• -Milk Rural 100 Urban 50-60
• -Fruits and Veges 25-35

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Consumption item Punjab Punjab Punjab Punjab
Consumption item NSS Round NSS Round NSS Round NSS Round
Consumption item 32nd (1977-78) 55th (1999-2000) 59th (2003) 60th (Sch. 1) (2004)
Consumption item Rural Rural Rural Rural
Total cereals 26.7 19.02 17.91 17.98
Pulses and pulse products 4.81 5.79 4.9 4.57
Milk and milk products 33.5 32.94 34.96 35.88
Edible oil 5.0 5.68 7.8 8.72
Meat, Egg and Fish 1.83 1.45 1.02 0.75
Vegetable fruits 7.13 12.11 12.75 11.39
Others 21.0 22.9 20.04 20.69
Food total 100 100 100 100
Food total (Rs./capita/month) NA 388 402.6 431.76
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Consumption item Punjab Punjab Punjab Punjab Punjab
Consumption item NSS Round NSS Round NSS Round NSS Round NSS Round
Consumption item 32nd (1977-78) 55th (1999-2000) 59th (2003) 60th (Sch. 1) (2004) 60th (Sch. 1) (2004)
Consumption item Urban Urban Urban Urban Urban
Total cereals 23.0 17.8 17.1 17.1 17.9
Pulses and pulse products 4.4 5.9 4.71 4.71 4.68
Milk and milk products 29.0 30.7 31.4 31.4 31.02
Edible oil 7.2 6.07 7.96 7.96 8.91
Meat, Egg and Fish 2.2 2.21 1.48 1.48 1.05
Vegetable fruits 11.0 14.5 15.3 15.3 13.03
Others 23.0 22.8 21.4 21.4 23.39
Food total 100 100 100 100 100
Food total (Rs./capita/month) N.A 423.5 459.4 459.4 417.6
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Daily allowances of Calories for Indians  Daily allowances of Calories for Indians  Daily allowances of Calories for Indians  Daily allowances of Calories for Indians  Daily allowances of Calories for Indians  Daily allowances of Calories for Indians 
(Recommended by Nutrition Expert Group)  (Recommended by Nutrition Expert Group)  (Recommended by Nutrition Expert Group)  (Recommended by Nutrition Expert Group)  (Recommended by Nutrition Expert Group)  (Recommended by Nutrition Expert Group) 
Group Particulars Calories Group Particulars Calories
Man Sedentary work 2400 Children 1 to 3 yrs 1200
  Moderate work 2800   4 to 6 yrs 1500
  Heavy work 3900   7 to 9 yrs 1800
Woman Sedentary work 1900   10 to 12 yrs 2100
  Moderate work 2200 Adolescents 13 to 15 yrs (boys) 2500
  Heavy work 3000   13 to 15 yrs (girls) 2200
  Pregnancy 3300   16 to 18 yrs (boys) 3000
  Lactation 3700   16 to 18 yrs (girls) 2200
Infants 0 to 6 months 120/kg      
  7-12 kg 100/kg      
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Incidence and Depth of Food Insecurity among
Rural Households
Household Category Incidence () Depth
1. Landless Agri Labour 93.1 0.42
2. Small (Below 2ha) 84.6 0.37
3. Medium (2.01 to 4 ha) 70.8 0.19
4. Large (Above 4 ha) 58.3 0.19
5. Others (Service and Shopkeepers) 52.0 0.26
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Incidence and Depth of Food Insecurity among
Urban Households
Income Category (per capita) Incidence () Depth
1. Below Rs. 750 100.0 0.53
2. Rs. 750-1200 96.4 0.55
3. Rs. 1200-2300 87.5 0.33
4. Rs 2300-5000 70.6 0.28
5. Rs 5000-14000 64.7 0.26
6. Above Rs 14000 50 0.26
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Component Wise Incidence and Depth of Food
Insecurity among Rural Households
Household Category Cereals Cereals Pulses Pulses Fruits Vege. Fruits Vege. Milk Milk Sugar Sugar
Household Category I D I D I D I D I D
1. Landless Agri Labour 58.6 0.23 69.0 0.42 100.0 0.93 75.9 0.37 - -
2. Small (Below 2ha) 50.0 0.27 69.2 0.23 100.0 0.56 0 0 - -
3. Medium (2.01 to 4ha) 0 0 33.3 0.23 87.5 0.51 0 0 - -
4. Large (Above 4 ha) 0 0 20.8 0.15 29.2 0.11 0 0 - -
5. Others (Service and Shopkeepers) 20.0 0.39 64.0 0.41 100.0 0.44 0 0 - -
I Incidence, D Depth of food insecurity
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Distribution of rural households on the basis of
self production and purchasing ()
Insecure Secure
Home prodn Purchd Home prodn Purchd
Veges
Large 0 100 52.04 47.06
Medium 0 100
Small 4.12 95.88 NH NH
Milk
Large 0 0 83.33 16.67
Medium 0 0 91.7 8.3
Small 0 0 75 25
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Component Wise Incidence and Depth of Food
Insecurity among Urban Households
Income Category Cereals Cereals Pulses Pulses Fruits Vege. Fruits Vege. Milk Milk Sugar Sugar
Income Category I D I D I D I D I D
1. Below Rs. 750 100.0 0.31 100.0 0.49 100.0 0.71 97.1 0.43 70.7 0.20
2. Rs. 750-1200 100.0 0.40 96.4 0.45 100.0 0.58 12.9 0.36 60.7 0.33
3. Rs. 1200-2300 75.0 0.39 100.0 0.49 100.0 0.49 12.5 0.20 20.8 0.40
4. Rs 2300-5000 11.8 0.53 47.1 0.18 82.4 0.27 0 0 17.6 0.35
5. Rs 5000-14000 47.1 0.11 47.1 0.41 41.2 0.38 0 0 47.1 0.33
6. Above Rs 14000 0 0 0 0 16.7 0.13 0 0 33.3 0.48
I Incidence, D Depth of food insecurity
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Food Expenditure and Income of Rural Households
    Large Medium Small Labour Others
Av. Household Income (Rs/Month) Av. Household Income (Rs/Month) 43415 16910 9419 2696 13947
Family Size Family Size 6.54 5.91 6.3 5.65 6.28
Livestock (Value in rupees) Livestock (Value in rupees) 48250 30917 20212 - -
Average Consumption Expenditure () Total (Rs/Month) 6938 4645 4022 2143 3692
Average Consumption Expenditure () Cereals 7.7 17 15.3 42.2 26.5
Average Consumption Expenditure () Pulses 14.1 7.3 11.9 13.9 9.3
Average Consumption Expenditure () Fruits and Vegetables 14.1 16.5 11.7 3.3 17
Average Consumption Expenditure () Milk 29.3 29.4 38.5 18.1 28.1
Average Consumption Expenditure () Sugar 7.2 9.8 9.1 11.7 8.5
Average Consumption Expenditure () Meat 1.3 2.2 0.2 1 1.4
Average Consumption Expenditure () Ghee 11.1 7.9 7.7 7.4 7.4
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Food Expenditure and Income of Urban Households
            Income Categories Income Categories Income Categories Income Categories Income Categories  
            First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth
Av. Household Income (Rs/Month) Av. Household Income (Rs/Month) 2636 4771 7496 7382 41000 86917
Family Size Family Size 5.12 4.79 4.95 4.05 4.11 4.16
Average Consumption Expenditure () Total (Rs/Month) 1893 2588 3268 3627 5213 7550
Average Consumption Expenditure () Cereals 25.9 22.7 24.2 23.0 11.6 8.0
Average Consumption Expenditure () Pulses 10.1 8.8 6.2 9.6 6.1 5.6
Average Consumption Expenditure () Fruits and Vegetables 10.5 11.9 12.7 15.5 18.3 27.2
Average Consumption Expenditure () Milk 17.3 21.6 21.2 19.7 23.0 23.6
Average Consumption Expenditure () Sugar 7.7 5.6 5.7 6.0 2.6 3.2
Average Consumption Expenditure () Meat 4.5 3.3 4.4 5.1 2.5 4.8
Average Consumption Expenditure () Ghee 9.1 8.3 7.6 7.4 7.7 7.6
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Expenditure and Income of Rural Food Insecure
Households
    Large Medium Small Labour Others
Av. Household Income (Rs/Month) Av. Household Income (Rs/Month) 43468 16303 9570 2742 14951
Family Size Family Size 5.92 6.35 6.68 5.67 7.5
Livestock (Value in rupees) Livestock (Value in rupees) 51846 28706 19152 0 0
Average Consumption Expenditure () Total (Rs/Month) 6378 4527 3978 2282 4037
Average Consumption Expenditure () Cereals 11.4 16.6 14.6 39.3 25.1
Average Consumption Expenditure () Pulses 7.6 8.3 11.7 13.1 6.1
Average Consumption Expenditure () Fruits and Vegetables 12.9 18.4 11.9 3.0 16.0
Average Consumption Expenditure () Milk 31.9 28.5 39.0 15.8 27.1
Average Consumption Expenditure () Sugar 8.0 9.2 9.2 11.0 8.5
Average Consumption Expenditure () Meat 1.2 1.1 0.3 1.0 0.9
Average Consumption Expenditure () Ghee 11.2 7.6 9.2 6.6 6.9
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Expenditure and Income of Rural Food Secure
Households
    Large Medium Small Labour Others
Av. Household Income (Rs/Month) Av. Household Income (Rs/Month) 43353   18388 8583 2400 12720
Family Size Family Size 7.27 4.85 4.25 5 4.83
Livestock (Value in rupees) Livestock (Value in rupees) 44000 36286 21583 0 0
Average Consumption Expenditure () Total (Rs/Month) 7549 4933 4266 2138 3522
Average Consumption Expenditure () Cereals 19.7 17.8 19.1 54.1 25.6
Average Consumption Expenditure () Pulses 7.8 5.0 12.7 12.0 12.4
Average Consumption Expenditure () Fruits and Vegetables 15.4 12.1 11.1 4.2 16.3
Average Consumption Expenditure () Milk 26.9 31.3 35.7 18.2 29.4
Average Consumption Expenditure () Sugar 6.5 11.2 8.8 10.3 8.4
Average Consumption Expenditure () Meat 1.4 4.7 0.0 0.0 1.8
Average Consumption Expenditure () Ghee 11.7 8.5 9.1 7.4 6.6
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Expenditure and Income of Urban Food Insecure
Households
    Income Categories Income Categories Income Categories Income Categories Income Categories  
    Upto 750 750-1200 1200-2300 2300-5000 5000-14000 Above 14000
Av. Household Income (Rs/Month) Av. Household Income (Rs/Month) 2636 4771 7729 15227 46636 217778
Family Size Family Size 5.12 4.79 5.05 4.33 4.72 4.5
Average Consumption Expenditure () Total (Rs/Month) 1893 2588 3299 3490 5407 7737
Average Consumption Expenditure () Cereals 25.9 22.7 22.2 19.7 10.5 7.7
Average Consumption Expenditure () Pulses 10.1 8.8 5.8 10.1 5.4 5.4
Average Consumption Expenditure () Fruits and Vegetables 17.3 21.6 23.1 21.5 23.7 24.7
Average Consumption Expenditure () Milk 7.7 5.6 5.8 6.0 3.0 3.1
Average Consumption Expenditure () Sugar 4.5 3.3 3.1 4.4 2.3 1.7
Average Consumption Expenditure () Meat 9.1 8.3 7.5 8.1 8.7 7.9
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Expenditure and Income of Urban Food Secure
Households
    Income Categories Income Categories Income Categories Income Categories Income Categories  
    Upto 750 750-1200 1200-2300 2300-5000 5000-14000 Above 14000
Av. Household Income (Rs/Month) Av. Household Income (Rs/Month) No HH No HH 5867 7240 30667 45000
Family Size Family Size     4.33 3.4 3 2.5
Average Consumption Expenditure Total (Rs/Month)     3050 3954 4854 6615
Average Consumption Expenditure Cereals     1196.0 1188.0 665.0 534.0
Average Consumption Expenditure Pulses   279.0 345.0 363.0 368.0
Average Consumption Expenditure Fruits and Vegetables     240.0 633.0 1047.0 960.0
Average Consumption Expenditure Milk     150.0 231.0 85.0 220.0
Average Consumption Expenditure Sugar     447.0 268.0 140.0 152.0
Average Consumption Expenditure Meat     247.0 236.0 269.0 318.0
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Thank You