Classification System

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TAXONOMY

Discipline of classifying organisms and assigning each organism a universally accepted name
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Classification System

• Historically, organisms were classified according
  to general characteristics within groups of
  organisms, such as whether they had a spinal
  chord. After Charles Darwin's theories on
  evolution were presented, classifications began
  to reflect evolutionary relationships between
  organisms.

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Classification Systems

• Referring to organisms by common names was
  confusing for several reasons.
• Common names vary among languages
• Different species sometimes share a single common
  name
• Scientists agreed to use a single Greek or Latin
  name for each species because all 18th century
  scientists understood Latin and Greek.
• Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist who lived
  during the 18th century, developed a two-word
  naming system called binomial nomenclature.

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Linnaeus classification system

• Based on hierarchical system of levels.
• Each level is referred to as a taxon.
• The naming system called Binomial Nomenclature
  uses the last two levels to create a two-word
  scientific name for each organism.
• The genus name is capitolized, whereas the
  species name is just underlined.
• Often, the species name is a Latinized
  description of some important trait of the
  organism or an indication of where the organism
  lives.

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Classification systems today are still based on
hierarchical categories. There are now three
domains called Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Each kingdom falls into one of the three domains.
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The two systems

• Six Kingdom System
• Archaebacteria
• Eubacteria
• Protist
• Fungi
• Plants
• Animals

• Five Kingdom System
• Monerans
• Protist
• Fungi
• Animals
• Plants

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Taxonomy Example for Humans

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Eukarya
• Animal
• Chordate
• Mammal
• Primate
• Hominid
• Homo
• Sapien

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Domain Bacteria

• Prokaryotic (cells have no nucleus)
• Unicellular
• Have cell walls containing peptidoglycan.
• Extremely diverse group including autotrophs,
  heterotrophs, aerobes, anaerobes, and parasites.

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Domain Archaea

• Prokaryotic (cells have no nucleus)
• Unicellular
• Have cell walls without peptidoglycan.
• Many in this group live in extreme environments
  such as volcanic hot springs and black organic
  mud devoid of oxygen.
• Includes autotrophs, heterotrophs, aerobes, and
  anaerobes.

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Domain Eukarya

• All Eukaryotes (cells have a nucleus)
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Autotrophs or heterotrophs
• Examples include unicellular organisms, algae,
  fungi, plants and animals

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Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
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Kingdom Eubacteria

• Bacteria, which are simple single-celled
  organisms that are Prokaryotic (have no nucleus
  and few organelles).
• Have cell walls with peptidoglycan.
• Unicellular organisms.
• Include autotrophs and heterotrophs.
• Examples include Streptococcus, and E. coli.

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Streptococcus bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus
E. coli bacteria
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Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Bacteria, which are simple single-celled
  organisms that are Prokaryotic (have no nucleus
  and few organelles).
• Have cell walls without peptidoglycan.
• Unicellular organisms.
• Include autotrophs and heterotrophs.
• Examples include Methanogens and halophiles

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Halobacteria
M. jannaschii
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Kingdom Protista

• Protists are single and multicellular organisms
  most of which live in water.
• Plant like protists contain chloroplasts and
  make their own food. Ex) Algae, Kelp
• Animal like protists are single celled and move
  by using pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia. Ex)
  Amoeba, Paramecium
• Fungus like protists include water molds and
  mildews.

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Plant-like Protists Chlorophytes (green algae)
Animal-like protists Amoeba
Fungus-like protist Stylonychia
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Kingdom Fungi

• Fungi can be unicellular but are mostly
  multicellular organisms that decompose dead
  matter in our environment.
• They are heterotrophs and are responsible for
  doing a major cleaning role in our environment.
• Fungi are found in soil, dead trees and even on
  your bread sometimes.

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Kingdom Plantae

• Plants are multicellular organisms that are
  characterized by their tough cell walls and
  photosynthetic abilities.
• They are producers and make up the base of the
  food chain.
• Divided into groups which include mosses,
  liverworts, horsetails, club mosses, ferns,
  gymnosperms ( cone bearing plants), and
  angiosperms ( flowering plants).

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Kingdom Animalia

• The Animal Kingdom is very diverse and very
  large, numbering over one million identified
  species.
• Some are vertebrates (backbone), while most (97)
  are invertebrates (no backbone).
• All animals share the following characteristics
  cannot make own food, digest their food, move
  from place to place, and have many Eukaryotic
  cells.

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Invertebrates
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Porifera (Sponges)

• They live mostly in colonies in the water,
  attached to rocks.
• They look similar to a sack, and take in water
  through small holes in their body for filtering
  out small bits of food.
• A hard skeleton is formed by "spicules" that are
  wedged in their body walls.

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Cniderians

• Mostly marine invertebrates, including jellyfish,
  sea anenomes, and corals.
• Characterized by three-layered body walls,
  tentacles, primitive nervous systems, and special
  stinger cells, which are used for protection.

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Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

• Flatworms are primitive organisms that are flat,
  soft-bodied, and symmetrical.
• There are four classes of flatworms one aquatic
  class (planarians), two parasitic classes
  (flukes), and one class of tapeworms (which can
  get inside of many vertebrate animals).

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Nematoda (Roundworms)

• Roundworms are wormlike animals that have an
  outer coat made of non-cellular material and a
  fluid-filled chamber that separates their body
  walls from their insides.
• They live in both water and on land.
• This phylum includes rotifers, nematodes and
  horsehair worms.

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Annelida (segmented worms)

• Annelids, or segmented worms, have soft bodies
  and are symmetrical.
• They can be anywhere from .5 mm to 3 meters in
  length.
• They are divided into three classes including
  earthworms, leeches, and marine worms.

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Echinodermata

• Marine invertebrates that live on the ocean
  floor.
• They have no head, and have tube feet and
  skeletons that are just below the outer surface.
  If any part of an Echinoderms body is cut off,
  the organism can regenerate that part.
• The classes include sea lilies and feather stars,
  starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins and sand
  dollars, and sea cucumbers.

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Molluska

• Most live in water or in the tidal zone.
• They live inside shells and have soft segmented
  bodies and a powerful foot that enables them to
  move around.
• The three main classes include
• 1. Univalves (one shell) examples include
  snails, abolones, whelks and slugs.
• 2. Bivalves (two shelled) examples include
  clams, oysters, muscles and scallops.
• 3. Cephalopods (shell inside) examples include
  squid and octopus.

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Arthropoda

• They are the largest group of invertebrates
  compromising 80 of the animal kingdom.
• Have segmented bodies covered by exoskeletons
  that are shed at times to allow for growth. They
  have paired multi jointed appendages for
  increased mobility, protection and feeding.
• The main classes include centipedes, millipedes,
  crustaceans (crabs and lobsters), arachnids
  (spiders, ticks and mites), and insects.

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Vertebrates
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Chordata

• Chordates are vertebrate animals, that is, they
  have a backbone.
• There are seven classes that are diverse in
  appearance and habitats.

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Fish Classes

• Fish are cold-blooded vertebrates with a 2
  chambered heart that live in water.
• Agnatha Jawless fish.
• Condrichthyes Cartilaginous fish including
  sharks and rays.
• Osteichthyes- Bony fish

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Amphibians

• Cold-blooded vertebrates with a 3 chambered heart
  that live in or near water.
• Must return to water to reproduce.
• Undergo metamorphosis.
• Examples include frogs, toads and salamanders.

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Reptiles

• Cold blooded vertebrates with a 3 chambered heart
  and scaly skin.
• Don't need to return to water to reproduce-they
  have eggs that can be laid on land.
• Includes lizards, snakes, turtles, and
  alligators.

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Aves (Birds)

• Warm-blooded animals with a 4 chambered heart
• Adapted for flight with feathers and hollow
  bones.
• Reproduce by laying eggs.

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Mammalia (Mammals)

• Warm-blooded animals that have fur to cover the
  body and mammary glands.
• Give birth to live young.
• Examples include humans, lions, and bats.

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Identify the Kingdom
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Identify the Kingdom
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Identify the Phylum
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Identify the Phylum
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Identify the Class
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Identify the Class
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Identify the Class