???? communicative Strategy

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????communicative Strategy

• ???

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• Selinker 1972, Interlanguage
• Strategies of second language communication
• Tarone 1977,
• Providing the first definition and taxonomy

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Definitions

• a systematic technique employed by a speaker to
  express his meaning when face with some
  difficulty
• Corder,1977
• a mutual attempt of two interlocutors to agree on
  a meaning in situations where requisite meaning
  structures are not shared
• Tarone,1980

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Definitions

• potentially conscious plans for solving what to
  an individual presents itself as a problem in
  reaching a particular communicative goal
• Faerch and Kasper,1983a
• techniques of coping with difficulties in
  communicating in an imperfectly known second
  language
• Stern,1983

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Definitions

• Problematicity
• Consciousness
• Intentionality

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• ????????????????????,???????,??????????????????(Pa
  ribakht 1985, Corder 1983, Faerch Kasper 1983)

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Tarone 1977

• Avoidance
• Topic
• Massage abandonment
• Paraphrase
• Approximation
• Word coinage
• circumlocution
• Conscious transfer
• Literal translation
• Language switch
• Appeal for assistance
• Mime

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Dörnyei Scott 1995

• Direct
• Resource deficit-related
• Massage abandonment, reduction, replacement
• Circumlocution
• Approximation
• Use of all-purpose words
• Word-coinage
• Restructuring

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Dörnyei Scott 1995

• Resource deficit-related
• Literal translation
• Foreignizing
• Code switching
• Use of similar sounding words
• Mumbling
• Omission
• Retrieval
• Mime

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Dörnyei Scott 1995

• Own-performance problem-relate
• Self-rephrasing
• Self-repair
• Other-performance problem-relate
• Other-repair

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Dörnyei Scott 1995

• Interaction
• Resource deficit-related
• Appeals for help
• Own-performance problem-relate
• Comprehension check
• Own-accuracy check

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Dörnyei Scott 1995

• Other-performance problem-relate
• Asking for repetition, clarification,
  confirmation
• Guessing
• Expressing nonunderstanding
• Interpretive summary
• response

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Dörnyei Scott 1995

• Indirect
• Processing time pressure-related
• Use of fillers
• Repetitions
• Own-performance problem-relate
• Verbal strategy markers
• Other-performance problem-relate
• Feigning understanding

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Reference

• Zoltán Dörnyei Mary Lee Scott , 1997,
  communication strategies in a second language
  Definition and Taxonomies, Language Learning v47
  p173-210
• Ellen Bialystok, 1990, Communication Strategies,
  A Psychological Analysis of Second-Language Use
• Elain Tarone, 1980, Communication strategies,
  Foreigner talk, and repair in interlanguage,
  Language Learning v30 p417-431

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Reference

• ???, 2000, ??????????--?????, ??????? v321,
  p53-58
• H. Douglas Brown(????),2005, ???????????, longman