Title: ????? ch1
1??? ????
- 20????21?????????,?????????????,?????????????????,
???????????????????,????,???????????????,?????????
????????????????????????,?????????????
2???????,?????????????????,????????(information)???
?????(data)?????????,?????????????????????????
3??
- 1.1 ?????
- 1.2 ?????
- 1.3 ?????
- 1.3.1 ?????
- 1.3.2 ???????
- 1.3.3 ?????(?????)
- 1.4 ?????
- 1.4.1 ?????
- 1.4.2 ????
- 1.5 ?????
- 1.5.1 ?? (Hardware)
- 1.5.2 ?? (Software)
- 1.6 ????
- ????
41.1 ?????
- ??1940??,?????????(Computer),??????????????,??????
????,????????????????,??????????,?????????????,???
????????,??????????????,???????,???????? - ????
- ????
51.1 ?????
??????? ?????????
??????
61.1 ?????
????
???????????
71.1 ?????
??????????
ATM????????,????????
81.1 ?????
?????????
?????????
91.1 ?????
????????????
101.1 ?????
???????????????
????????????
111.2 ?????
- ?????????,????????????
- ???
- ????????????,??????????????,??????????????,???????
???????????????
????????? ?????????????? ????????????????,????(
ms)???(ns)?,?????????,???????????(MHz)?????(GHz)??
??? ???????????????????,?? ????????????(MIPSMilli
on Instructions Per Second)? ???????????????(MFLOP
SMillion Floating Operations Per
Second)? ??????????(TPSTransactions Per
Second)? ????,MIPS?????????????????????????,MFLOPS
???????????????????????????,??TPS?????????????????
???
121.2 ?????
- ?????
- ?????????????,??????,?????????????????????????(??G
B),?????????????,????,???????????????????????????
???????,????????????????????,????????????
????????? ??????????????????, ?????????????(bit?
?????b??), 8??????????(Byte??????B??)? ?????????
?????????,?????????????,??,??????K Bytes(????)?M
Bytes (?????)?G Bytes (?????)?T
Bytes(????)???????,??2-1??
131.2 ?????
- ????
- ???????????????,????????,??????????????,??????????
?,???????????,?????????????,???????????????,??????
?????,??????????,??????????,??Y2K?????????????????
????,?????,????????????,??????????????????(Y2K????
?????)?
?Y2K?????? ?????????????????2000??Y2K?????,????,Y
2K???????????????,?????Y2K??,????????????? ???????
????,???????????,????????,????????????????,??????1
9001999?,???2000??,????????00?????2000?,????1900?
2000??????
141.2 ?????
- ??????
- ???????,????????????????,?????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????,????????????????
???,???????????????
151.2 ?????
- ????????,???????????????
- ????
- ??????????????,????????????,????????????,?????????
???,?????????????,?????????????????????ATM????????
??????,???????????????????????,???????????????????
?,????????,??????????????????????????,????????? - ????
- ????????????,????????????,??????,??????????,??????
????????????????????????(????LCD????CRT??),???????
?????????????,??????,????????????
161.2 ?????
- ?????
- ??????????,??????????????,????????????????????????
,?????????????????,???????????????????(?????)?????
????????????MP3???????,????????,????????,?????????
?????????,???????????? - ????
- ????,???????????,?????????,???????????????????????
??,??????????????,?????????????????????????,??????
??ISP?????,??????????
171.2 ?????
- ????
- ??????????????,????????????????,????????????????,?
??????????????????????,????????????????,??????????
?????????,??????????????,???????????????,?????????
?????????????????? - ????
- ?????????????????????,??????????,?????????????????
,?????????????????????,?????????,????????
181.2 ?????
- ????
- ??????????????,????????????????,????????????????,?
??????????????????????,????????????????,??????????
?????????,??????????????,???????????????,?????????
?????????????????? - ????
- ?????????????????????,??????????,?????????????????
,?????????????????????,?????????,????????
191.2 ?????
- ??
- ??????????????????,??,????????????,???2003?12?,???
??????????????????,????????????????????????,??????
??????????????,?????????????????????????????,?????
????,????????????,????????????????,???????????????
??????????????????????
201.3 ?????
- ????????????????????,????,?????????????????,??????
??????? - 1.3.1 ?????
- ??(computer)???????(??????),??????????????(calcula
tor)????,?????????????? - ?????????
- ????
- ????????
- 1642?,????????(Blaise Pascal)?????????,???????????
??????09????????,???????,??????????????????????,?
????? - ???
- ?????30??,???????(Gottfried Leibnitz)?????????,???
??????????????1820?,??????(C. X. Thomas)
???????,???????????????????
211.3.1 ?????
- ??????
- ?????????????,????????,????????(Charles
Babbage)????????(Difference engine)???????????????
?,??????????????????,??????????? - ????????????????(analytical engine),??????????????
????????????????????? - ???????,???????????????(Herman Hollerith),????????
??????????,???????????,????????????????,??????????
????????????????,???????????????????????????,?????
?1980?? - ??,???????????????(Tabulating Machine
Company),????????????????IBM(International
Business Machine Corporation)????
221.3.1 ?????
- ??????????
- ???????????,?????????????????(calculator)?????????
?????,??????????????,????? - ?1937?,?????????(Bell Telephone
Laboratories)?????(George Stibitz)????????????????
?,???????(Electrodynamic calculator),????????(Rela
y)?????????,??????????????????,??1940???????????(R
elay Computer)? - ????,?1937?,?????????(Professor Howard
Aiken)????????????,??IBM???,?1944???,???Mark
I?????????51??,??8??,??5?,??????????,???0.3???????
???,???????4?,????????16?????????,???????????????,
????????
231.3.1 ?????
- ??????????
- ????,?1942?,????????????????(Professor John V.
Atanasoff)??????(Clifford Berry)?????45???????????
????,??????????????????,?????????????ABC(Atanasoff
-Berry Computer)???,?????????,?????????,???Colosus
s??? - ?1946?,????????????(Professor J. W. Mauchly)
????????(J. P. Eckert)???ABC??????????????????????
?,????????????(Electronic Numerical Integrator
And Calculator),???ENIAC(Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Calculator),???????????????? - ??1952?,?????????????,????????????,???EDVAC????,??
???????,???ENIAC??,??1947???????-?????,???????????
(Remington Rand)????,??1951????????????????,???UNI
VAC(Universal Automatic Computer)?????,???????????
????????????????????????????????????,????????
241.3.2 ???????
- ??????????,?????????????,?????????????????????????
??,???????????????????????????????
??? ??? ??? ???
?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ???? ???????
?? 19421958 19591963 19641970 1971???
?????? 10-3 ? 10-6? 10-9 ? 10-9-13 ?
???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????
???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
?????? ?? ?? ?? ?????
??????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
251.3.2 ???????
- ?????(???19421958?)
- ??????????UNIVAC??,???(vacuum tube)???????????,???
??????,????????????????????,??????????????????????
?????,????????,???????,????????????????? - ?????(???19591963? )
- ???(Transitor)?1948????,????,?????????????????????
????,????,??????????????????????,?????????????????
?,?????????????,??????????????????? - ??1954?,?????(Surface barrier transistor)???,?????
?????????(MIT)???TX-0?????????,????,??IBM?7090?Bur
roughts?B-200???,??????????????,??????????????????
??,???????,??????????,????????????????????????????
???????,???????????
261.3.2 ???????
- ?????(????19641970?)
- ????????????????????(Monolithic Integrated
Circuitry)????????(Hybrid Integrated
Circuitry)???,????(Integrated Circuitry??IC)?????
???????????????,????????????(chip)?,?????????????,
????????????????????????????1964????IBM
360??????????,??????????,??????????????????,??????
???
271.3.2 ???????
- ?????(???????1971???)
- ??IC???????,IC????????????10???????????(SSI),??197
1???????106?????????(VLSI)?VLSI??????106???????,??
??????????,??????????????,??????(microprocessor)?V
LSI?????????????????????????????,?????????????????
????,?????????????????,???????????,?????,?????????
??,?????,VLSI????????,?????????????ULSI?GSI?????,?
???IC?????108109???????? - ?IC??????
SSI(Small-Scale Integration)??IC?10???? MSI(Mediu
m-Scale Integration)??IC?102???? LSI(Large-Scale
Integration)??IC?104???? VLSI(Very Large-Scale
Integration)??IC?106???? ULSI(Ultra Large-Scale
Integration)??IC?108???? GSI(Giga-Scale
Integration)??IC?109????
281.3.3 ?????(?????)
- ???(Next Generation)???,?????????????
- ???????????????????????
- ?1980?,???????????(Fifth Generation)???????,??????
???????,????,????????????,???????,????????????????
???,?????????????,??????????????,??????????,??????
?,????????(AI)?????????????,?????????,????????????
????????,???????????????????(????),?????????? - ?????????????????,?????????????,???????????,??????
????????????,???????????????(expert
system)????????????????????????,???????????????,??
????????,??????????,????????????????,?????????????
??(knowledge),?????????????????????,???????????? - ?????????????,????????,?????????????,?????????????
?????,??????????????????
291.3.3 ?????(?????)
- ?????????????,????????????????,????
- ?????
- ???????,??????????,?????????,??,???????????????,??
????????????,????????????????????????????????????
????????????,??????????????????????????????,??????
???????? - ?????
- ????????????????,??3C???????(Computer)???(Communic
ation)??????(Consumer Electronics)?????,??????????
??????????????,?????????????PDA???????????????????
????????????????????????,????????????????????,???
???????????????,??????????,????????????????!
?????? ?????????,??????????????????,??,??????????
???????,???????????????,????????????
301.3.3 ?????(?????)
- ???????
- ?????????,?????????,???????????????????,????????(?
RAM)??????(????CD-ROM)???????,????????????????????
???????? - ??????
- ???????????,?????????(virus)???(worm)???,?????????
???????????,???(hacker)???????????????????????????
??,????????????????????????????,????????,?????????
??,??????????????? - ???????
- ???????????????,????????(????)????????(?????),????
?????????????,?????????????????????????
311.3.3 ?????(?????)
- ?????
- ???????,????????????????????????,????????????,????
????????????????????????? - ???????????
- ????????????,??????,????????????????,?????????????
????????????????,?????????,???????????????????????
,??????,??????????,???????????,???????????????(vir
tual reality)???????
321.4 ?????
- 1.4.1 ?????
- ??????????????????????????????????
- ???????
- ?????? (General Purpose Computer)
- ??????????????,???????????????????????????????,???
?????????????????? - ??????(Special Purpose Computer)
- ??????????????,?????????????????,?????????????????
???????????????????
331.4.1 ?????
- ????????????
- ?????(Analog Computer)
- ?????????????(Continuously time-varying)????,?????
??????,??????????????,?????????????????,???????,??
???????????????????????????????????? - ?????(Digital Computer)
- ?????????????,???????????(??)?????????????????,???
?????????????,????????????????????????? - ?????(Hybrid Computer)
- ????????????????????,?????????????????????????????
?????????,?????,?????????
341.4.1 ?????
- ??????
- ???????????????????????????????????????,??????????
??????????????(??)???????????
????IBM 3090
????Cray T90
????IBM PC
351.4.1 ?????
- ????(Super-Computer)
- ?????????,????????,??????????????????,????????????
,?????????,???????????????????? - ??????????,??????????,?? CRAY ???CRAY-1?CRAY-2?Cr
ay X-MP?Cray Y-MP8D?Cray Y-MP2E?Cray Y-MP8E?Cray
C90?Cray EL?Cray T3D?Cray J90?Cray T90CDC???Star
100?Cyber 205?IBM?Deep Blue?????????? - ???????????????????????????,??????????????DNA???
????????????,????????????????????????????,??IBM?
Blue Deep(??)??1997??????????????? - ??????????,????????,??????????,?????????????????
?????????,???????,?????????????????
???? Deep Blue
361.4.1 ?????
- ????(Large-scale ComputerMainframe)
- ????????????(Mainframe),?????????????????????????,
???????????????DEC???VAX 8800IBM???360?4381?3090
CDC?Cyberg60???????,??????????????????????????????
?????????
- ????(Medium-scale Computer)
- ???????????????????,???????,?????????????IBM???433
1?CDC???Cyber 171?DEC???DEC10?VAX8600?????????????
?????????????????????????
????VAX 8600
371.4.1 ?????
- ????(Mini-scale ComputerMini Computer)
- ??????????(Mini Computer),????????????????,??????,
????????,??????????????????,???????,??????????????
HP???HP 3000?NEC???NEC 200?DEC???VAX780(1-MIPS)???
????????????????????????? - ???(Workstation)
- ?????????????????,?????????????3D?????????????????
????,????????(????????????),SUN?Sun Ultra?Sun
SPARC?IBM?IBM POWER?DEC?DEC ALPHA??????,?????????U
NIX??,????????????????????????????
????VAX PDP-11
Sun Blade 150 ???
381.4.1 ?????
- ????(Micro Computer)
- ?????????,???????,???????????,???????????Apple???
Macintosh?IBM???PC XT/AT/386/486/Pentium??????????
????(Personal ComputerPC),???????????????????????
???????????,??????????????????
????????Commodore PET
391.4.2 ????
- ??????????????????????????(Personal
ComputerPC),?????????????Apple???Apple
I?II?MacintoshIBM???PC XT/AT/386/486 /Pentium??? - ??IBM?1981???IBM PC????????,??,?????????????IBM??P
C,????PC?????IBM??PC???? - IBM??PC
- IBM?1981????????16??????IBM PC,??Intel?8088????,??
????,??,????????????1983?,IBM????PC-XT,????10MB???
,?????????360KB?1984?,IBM??Intel?80286????,???IBM
PC-AT??,??????????20MB,????????1.2MB? - IBM?32???????1987?????,????Intel?80386????,???????
?????????? - 1991?,486 PC??,????Intel 80486????,????80486SX?804
86DX?80486DX2,????386????,??????????????,????????4
86??,??????Windows95???????
401.4.2 ????
- IBM??PC(?)
- ??,??IBM??????????????,??????IBM??,?????????,?????
???????(??????????),??,???????????,?????????????,?
??????????? - IBM??PC????,????????
- ?????
- CPU???
??PC?? Intel CPU CPU???? PC????
PC(8??/16??) 8088 1978 1981
PC-XT(8??/16??) 8088 1978 1983
PC-AT/286(16??) 80286 1982 1984
386(32??) 386SX?386DX 1985 1987
486(32??) 486SX 486DX?486DX2?486DX4 1989 1990-1991 1991 1991-1993
411.4.2 ????
- ???????,IBM??PC????Intel?CPU,??IBM??PC????CPU?????
?? - ?Pentium CPU????,???IBM PC?????CPU?????,?????Intel
?CPU????,??,???????Pentium???Pentium II???Pentium
III???Pentium 4???,??????CPU??????????? - ???,IBM??PC???,??????,Intel???????CPU,????????????
???????CPU????,??????????????????????????????(?CPU
????????,???CPU?????????)? - ?Intel??,?1993?,???64?????(Pentium)
CPU,??????CPU??????Pentium???586?????,?1995?????Pe
ntium Pro CPU,?686??????,????????????1997????Penti
um II CPU????686???????,??,??86?????????,?????IBM?
??????Pentium?????????1998?,Intel???Pentium III
CPU,??2000?,Intel????Pentium 4 CPU???,?Pentium
II???,Intel??????,????????64???Celeron???????Xeon?
????
421.4.2 ????
- ?Pentium CPU???,IBM??PC?CPU???????Intel???,??AMD?V
IA?????AMD 5x86?Cyrix 6x86?AMD K6?Cyrix
6x86MX?AMD K6-III?AMD K7?AMD Athlon?AMD
Duron?C3?CPU? - ?????????IBM??PC???????,??????????????XX?????,??P
entium III????,????????????????CPU???????,????CPU?
???,????CPU??,??,?????PC?Pentium III
750,??????PC???CPU?Pentium III,???750MHz?
43??PC?? Intel CPU ????CPU CPU????
586/Pentium Pentium Pentium MMX AMD-5x86 M1 1993 1997 1996 1995
??? Pentium Pro Pentium II Pentium II Xeon Celeron Pentium III Pentium III Xeon Pentium 4 Xeon Pentium M AMD-K6 M2 K6-III AMD-Athlon AMD -Athlon XP AMD Duron C3 AMD -Athlon 64 1995 1997 1997 1997 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 2000 2001 2001 2001 2002 2003 2003
441.4.2 ????
- ??????,???????,???????????????????,???,???????????
??,????????????????,???????????? - ??????,?????????????????,???????????????,??Windows
????Windows NT/2000/XP?Workstation?Server??,??????
??FreeBSD?Linux??????PC??Unix?????
?????????, IBM?????Pentium 4????
451.4.2 ????
- ?????(Macintosh)
- ??Apple???1977???Apple I?II,???????PC(????Ed
Robert?1975????Altair 8800)?????,Apple?????????(Ma
cintosh),??????????????,?????????????,????????????
?,??????????,?????IBM????PC???,??????????,????????
?????????,????iMac?????,??????????34??????,??????
?????????? - ???????????IBM PC????,?????motorola?CPU,??PowerPC?
????,?????Power PC????????????????Apple??????(??Ma
c-OS),????IBM??????????????MS-DOS?????????????????
??,????????Apple?Mac?PowerPC?????????,????????????
?????????????????
461.4.2 ????
- ?????(Macintosh)?
- ??,???????????????,???????????IBM
PC???????,?????,?????????????????????,????????????
,??Netscape??????????
iMac??????
???Power Mac G4
471.4.2 ????
- ?????(NoteBook)
- ???????,??????????????????,????????,????????????,?
??????????????????????????????,PC???????????IBM??P
C????????(desktop)? - ?????(NoteBook)????PC????,????????????,???????????
?,??????,?????????????????????????,?????PC????,???
???????,??????????PC??????????????????????????????
??????????????????,??,??????????,Intel????????????
??????????CPU,????????
481.4.2 ????
- ?????(NoteBook)?
- ???????????,???????????,??????????????????????????
??,Intel??????(Centrino)??????,Centrino????CPU,???
?????,Centrino???? Intel?????????(???????????
Intel 855 ???),??????????,Intel???????????Intel
Centrino?????
Apple???PowerBook??
Compaq??????
491.4.2 ????
- DeskNote
- DeskNote????????Desktop(???)?NoteBook(???)????????
???,???????????????,??,????????????,???CPU????????
CPU,??????????,????????Desktop?NoteBook??,????????
????? - ??????(PDA)
- ??????(Personal Digital Assistants??PDA)?????????
?,????????????,???????????????????,?????????????,?
???(??????????),??,?????????????????????????????
????,??????????????
?????????DeskNote
PDA
501.4.2 ????
- ????(Tablet PC)
- ?2002??,???ACER?Compaq?Fujitsu?NEC?Toshiba?ViewSon
ic???????????????????,??????(Tablet PC)? - Tablet PC????????,???PDA?NoteBook???,?????????????
????????????,???????NoteBook????,????????(???)????
??? - Tablet PC??????????NoteBook??PDA,????NoteBook?????
????,??????? - ???,?????????????????(Pure Tablet
PC)????????????(Convertible Tablet
PC),????????????Convertible Tablet PC?
?????
???????
511.4.2 ????
??????????(Network Computer)? ????????????????,??
????Internet??????????? ?????CPU????,?????????,??
???????????Internet,?????????? ?????????????????,
???????????????,???PC???????,??????????????
????
521.5 ?????
- ???????????(user)???(hardware)???(software)???
- ????????????????
- ?????????????????????
- ??????????????,???????????????????,??????????????
??,????????????????????????????????? - 1.5.1 ?? (Hardware)
- ?????????????????(????????),????????????????????
- ???,?????????,????????????????????????????????????
??5???(???),?5????????????,???CPU?????????????????
?
531.5.1 ?? (Hardware)
?????5???
541.5.1 ?? (Hardware)
?????? ????????,??????,????????????,???????? ??
??CPU(????????????)??????????????????????? ?????
?CPU(????????????)????(????????????)???????????
??????CPU(????????????)????(????????????)???/????
? ??????????(?CPU?????????????????)?????????/???
?? ??,???????????,?????????????
551.5.1 ?? (Hardware)
- ??????(Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
- ??????(??ALU)???????????????,???????????????????
???????????????????????,????????AND?OR?NOT???/????
????? - ????(Control Unit)
- ????(??CU)?????????????????????????4??????????????
(1)????????????(microprogram)?(2)???????????
(3)????????(decoder)?(4)?????(multiplexer)? - ?????CPU??,?????????????(Decode),???????????????,?
?????????????????????,??????????????????
?????????????????????????????????(??????CPU),?????
???????????????,???????(?????????)??????,?????????
??,??????????
561.5.1 ?? (Hardware)
- ?????(Memory unit and Storage Unit)
- ???????????(main memory)??????(secondary
memory),???????????(??????????),??????????????????
??,CPU???????,???????????,????????????????????,???
??????????????????????? - ????????????(internal memory),??????????,?????????
???????????????????????????????(Random Access
Memory??RAM)???????????(Read Only Memory??ROM)? - ????????????(auxiliary memory),????????(external
memory),??????????????,??????????????????????????
????????????,???????????????????
571.5.1 ?? (Hardware)
- ????(Input unit)
- ????????????????,?????????????????????????????????
????
????
581.5.1 ?? (Hardware)
- ????(Output unit)
- ????????????,????????????????????,?????????????(?
?????????)???????????????????????? - ?????????????????????,?????????????????
????
591.5.1 ?? (Hardware)
CPU ???? ????? ???? ????
ALU CU ??? RAM ROM ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??/??? ??? ??? ???
601.5.2 ?? (Software)
- ?????????????,????????????????????
- ???????(data)???(program)???,????????????0?1??????
?????????(?????????)? - ??(program)??????????(instruction)???,????????????
????,CPU??????,?????????????,???????? - ???????????(System Program)?????(Application
Program)???? - ???????????????????,??????(Operating
System)?????????(Compiler)????(Assembler)????(Link
er)????????? - ???????????????,????????????????,??Office????????
?????
611.5.2 ?? (Software)
????????????
????????????
???? ??????????????,????????????????????,??BIOS??
?????ROM???
621.5.2 ?? (Software)
- ????
- ????(operating system??OS)?????????????????,?????
????????????,?????7?8?,???????????
????????? ????????? ????????Unix,??SunOS?AIX?Sol
aris?? ????DOS?OS/2?Microsoft Windows
95/98/NT/Me /2000/XP?linux(Unix-
like)?FreeBSD(Unix-like) ?? ?????Mac OS?
63Linux?????X-Window
Windows XP????
Mac OS X????
641.5.2 ?? (Software)
- ??????
- ?????????????,???????????????????(????)???????????
?????????????????,???????C?C?Basic?Pascal?Java?L
ISP???????????,?????????????
DEV C??????
Borland C Builder 6.0??????
651.5.2 ?? (Software)
- ????
- ????(application)???????????????,??Microsoft
Internet Explorer??????????WWW?????,Outlook
Express??????????,Word????????,Excel??????????
??Microsoft Outlook Express??????
??Microsoft Word????
661.5.2 ?? (Software)
???? ???? DOS?Windows 95/98/me?Windows NT/2000/XP?Linux
???? ?????? ???????????
???? ???? ?????????????????????Office
67????