Kim Andreasson

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From e-government to cyber security
opportunities and challenges

• Kim Andreasson
• Managing Director
• DAKA advisory AB

• Singapore Business Group
• Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
• March 14, 2014

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Presentation overview
An introduction to cyber security
Cyber dependency and cyber threats
Cyber security close to home (in Vietnam, your
company, and you)
The UN framework and business opportunities
Conclusion
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Understanding cyber security

• A convergence of three trends
• Global benefits of ICTs
• Supply-side, such as e-government
• Demand-side, such as connectivity

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1. Global benefits of ICTs

• ICTs contribute strongly to economic growth and
  better social outcomes
• Benchmarking the information society is important
  in order for policy-makers to understand the
  factors behind it and how to achieve improved
  outcomes

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2. Supply-side, such as e-government

• Information and service delivery
• Transparency and accountability
• Link to broader development objectives
• Digital by default

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3. Demand-side, such as connectivity
Source World Bank World Development Indicators
database
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E-government usage

• In 1990, the American tax authority, the IRS,
  received 4m online tax filings (the first year
  such service was available)
• In 2000, the number rose to 35m
• In 2010, online tax filings surpassed 100m
• In 2013, there were 114m online tax returns

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Measuring e-government

• Benchmarking global e-government development
  since 2003 to inform and improve the
  understanding of policy makers choices to shape
  their e-government programs (UN 2004)
• The survey measures the willingness and capacity
  of countries to use online and mobile technology
  in the execution of government functions (UN
  2010)

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Current UN methodology

• The UN E-Government Development Index is composed
  of three indices
• Human capital index
• Telecommunications infrastructure index
• Online service index

For more information www.unpan.org/egovkb/
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The online service index

• Supply-side measurement approach, which means
  that websites are visited by researchers to
  evaluate what is available on them (i.e. the
  supply of information and services)
• Every UN member state is assessed (now 193)
• A defined set of websites are evaluated,
  primarily the national portal of each country or
  its equivalent
• Almost all questions in the survey are binary,
  i.e. does the feature exist or not

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Implementation

• Every website assessed in its primary language
• Researchers go through training sessions and are
  provided with specific instructions on how to
  score questions, as well as provided actual
  website examples
• Researchers take a citizen approach, which means
  they try to find the information within a
  reasonable amount of time
• Assessment takes place during a specific period
  of time (the survey window)

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A quick case study on finding mobile services on
www.gov.sg
How many national government websites around the
world have a feature that offers to send alerts
to mobile phones?
Step 1 Go to citizen residents section
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How many national government websites around the
world have a feature that offers to send alerts
to mobile phones?
Step 2 Go to mobile services sub-section
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How many national government websites around the
world have a feature that offers to send alerts
to mobile phones?
Step 3 Confirm that Singapore offers it
Answer In 2010, 25 out of 192 countries
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E-government progress
http//www.archive.org
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Presentation overview
An introduction to cyber security
Cyber dependency and cyber threats
Cyber security close to home (in Vietnam, your
company, and you)
The UN framework and business opportunities
Conclusion
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Enter cyber security
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Understanding cyber threats

• Politically motivated threats cyber warfare,
  cyber terrorism, espionage and hacktivism
• Non-politically motivated threats typically
  financially motivated, such as cyber crime,
  intellectual property theft, and fraud, but also
  hacking for fun or retribution, for example, from
  a disgruntled employee

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Singapore vs Anonymous
Hacked version of a blog hosted by The Straits
Times on October 31, 2013
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South Korea vs ?

• Attacks in 2009, 2011, and 2013
• On March 20, 2013, South Korean television
  stations and financial institutions suffered from
  frozen computer terminals
• ATMs and mobile payments were also affected
• More than 48,000 computers and servers in South
  Korea were shut down

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Critical infrastructures

• Financial services, telecommunications, energy,
  etc.
• Politically-motivated attacks with offline
  consequences
• The 2010 Stuxnet attack

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Cyber dependency matrix
Source World Bank World Development Indicators
database
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Presentation overview
An introduction to cyber security
Cyber dependency and cyber threats
Cyber security close to home (in Vietnam, your
company, and you)
The UN framework and business opportunities
Conclusion
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Mobility

• An opportunity to improve efficiency for
  criminals too
• Number of mobile malware in 2013 more than
  doubled from 2012

Source World Bank World Development Indicators
database
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Vietnam

• Vietnam is among the top five countries with the
  highest number of unique attacked mobile users
• In addition, 78 out of 100 government websites
  with the domain gov.vn has seriously poor
  security systems
• Attacks can compromise trust

Viet Nam News, March 6, 2014
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Are you at risk?

• An increase in usage means an increase in
  dependency
• Annual cost of cyber crime around the world has
  been estimated by Norton, a security company, to
  be about USD 110bn
• About 75 of organizations suffer from a cyber
  attack every year

• A simple solution to mitigate risk
• According to Verizon, 96 of cyber breaches are
  avoidable through simple controls
• Awareness, awareness, awareness

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Presentation overview
An introduction to cyber security
Cyber dependency and cyber threats
Cyber security close to home (in Vietnam, your
company, and you)
The UN framework and business opportunities
Conclusion
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ITU Global Cybersecurity Index
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International Multistakeholder Partnership
Against Cyber Threats
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ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda (GCA)

• Business opportunities across five areas
• 1. Legal measures
• 2. Technical and procedural measures
• 3. Organizational structures
• 4. Capacity building
• 5. International cooperation

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Recent developments

• Edward Snowden
• New threats from hackers to nation-states
• New challenges localization strategies and
  security as a competitive advantage
• Lack of international collaboration means
  domestic opportunities
• Governments cannot go it alone a role for the
  private sector and NGOs

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Presentation overview
An introduction to cyber security
Cyber dependency and cyber threats
Cyber security close to home (in Vietnam, your
company, and you)
The UN framework and business opportunities
Conclusion
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Solution to cyber security is not about
technology but people

• Compared with just a decade ago, governments have
  made significant progress in expanding ICT access
  and the demand from users has risen accordingly
• But just as crime has always been part of
  history, cyber security is likely to continue
  well into the future, especially since the two
  are increasingly intertwined
• There is a need for more information at all
  levels in order to better understand cyber
  security
• Every case is different, yet fundamentally the
  same

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Thank you
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