Title: 1953?,?????K. Ziegler ??????????(TiCl4)????????(AlEt3)????????,???,?????????????????????????,????,???,???,???,??HDPE?
1 ??? ????
27.1 ??
1953?,?????K. Ziegler ??????????(TiCl4)????????(Al
Et3)????????,???,?????????????????????????,????,??
?,???,???,??HDPE? Ziegler?????????????Natta???,???
???1954???????a-???????????????????(TiCl3/AlEt3)??
?????????,???????????
3 ???????????????????????,???????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????,?1963????????
??
47.2 ?????????
1. ?????????
????(????) ??????,???????????
?-???-???-???????? ?????????????????????
- ????
- ????????????????????????
???? ????
5- ?????
- ?????(???????),??????????
- ????R(?)??S(?)???
- ??? -?????,?????R?????????????
- ????C?????????,?????,C??????????
- ????????????????,?????C???????,??? ??????
6????
????
????
- ????????????????????
- ???????????????????,???????????
7?????????????C????????
?????
?????
??????(1,4??),???(1,23,4??)
8- ?????
- ?????????????????????????????????
- ???????,1,4-?????
?????
????
????
9- 2. ???????
- ??????????????,?????????????,???????,?????????
?????? - ??????
- ???????C?????
- ???????????C????????
- ???????C?????
- ????R?S??????,???????????????????,??????
- ???????????,???R?S???
10???????
R / S 50 / 50
R / S 75 / 25 ???????
- ??????????????????????????????????????
11R / S 50 / 50
(S 100)
123. ???????????
- ? -?????
- ????????????????????
- ??????????,??????,??????
- ????????????????????
- ???PP,??????,?????,?????
??PP???PP,???????,???????????,?????????? ?
?PP?Tm?175 ?,??????,??0.90?
- ? -??????Tm???????????
- HDPE ??PP ?3-??-1-??
?4-??-1-?? - Tm 120 175 300
235 (?)
13- ??????
- ???????
- 1, 2???????????
?? Tm 128? ?? Tm 156?
??1, 4???
Tg -80?, Tm 148? ????????
1, 4???
??1, 4??? Tg -108?, Tm 2 ?
????????
14- ????????
- ??????????????????
- ?????????????????????
- ????????????????????????? ?
?? ?? ?? ???? ????????
??????????????
15- ???????????
- (????????)
- ?????????????????????
????????,????????????
???????????
???????? (I I P)
??????????
A975
???????????,???
I I P K
A1460
????????,???
K?????
16- ?????????????????????????
- ??IR?NMR??
??1, 2 991?694 cm-1 ??1, 2 990?664 cm-1 ??1, 4
741 cm-1 ??1, 4 964 cm-1
????IR????
???????,????,??????? ?????????????????????
177.3 ?????????
1. ??????
????????-?????????????????????????,???????
???????-????????????????????.
??????????????p???????????????,??????????
????????????CC??ß??????,??????????p??????????????
??
18??????????
????
??
??????
????????????????????????
192 ???????
- ??????????????????
- ?????Pt?Pd???????????
- ???4-??-1-??-VCl3??????
- ????????
- ????
- ?-???????????????????
- CH2CH2 gt CH2CH-CH3 gt CH2CH-CH2-CH3
- ????
- ??????????????
- 14CH3OH ? 14CH3O- H
20???????14C???,??????H,???????? ?????-?????,??????
???,?????,?????????????-??????,????????,??????,??,
??????????????
-
C
H
C
H
M
????????????ß????????
t
2
???????Mt??????a????????
?
C
H
C
H
-
-
?
2
R
?????????????????
21????????????,????????,??????
22- ??????????????????,???????
???? ????????????,
??????????????
23Ziegler-Natta???
??????
?-?????????????????1,4?? ??????(??)
???? ???
??????
??????
? -????
??????,???????? ?????,????????
???? ?? ? -????
24?????????? ????????? ??????????????,?????????,????
??????????????? ???????? ??,???????????????
?????? ???????? ???? ????
25- ?????????
- ????????,????
- ????,??????????????
- ???????
- ???????????
- ?????????
- ???????????
- ???????,???????????
- ?????????????????????
- ?????????Z-N???,?????, ???????,?????? ?
26??????? ???????,?????????????????????????????,???
???????? ?????? ??????,?????????????????????????
,????????????????????Z- N????????
277.4 Ziegler-Natta ???
1. Z-N???????????
??????????????
??? ???? ????? ?????
???? ? -?????
Ti Zr V Mo W Cr?
TiCl3(????? ) ????? MoCl5?WCl6???????????
- ??Co?Ni?Ru?Rh ????????
- ??????????
28- ????????????
- ??? RLi?R2Mg?R2Zn?AlR3
-
R?111???????? - ??????????
- Al Hn R3-n Al Rn X3-n
- X
F?Cl?Br?I - ???????TiCl3,????????????????,???AlEt2Cl?
- Al / Ti ?mol ??????????????
- ???Al / Ti?? 1. 5 2. 5
29???????? ?? ???? ?? g??/gTi
??Z-N??????
????Z-N???????????
5001000 g / g Ti
??????????,?????1-2??,????????????????????
?????????
????????????,???????(?????)? ?N?P?O?S????
?????? ?? ??
30??????????????????? ???????? 5104 g PP / g Ti?
???
a-TiCl3-AlEtCl2??????????,??????,????,IIP???????,?
????????
????????????????,?????????????
???????Al???????? B/Al0.51,???AlEtCl2????, B/
Al11,???AlEtCl2?????AlEt2Cl ,????????? ?????????
?????,??B/Al0.71
31- ??????,????????,??????,?MgCl2?Mg(OH)Cl?
- ??????? 6105 g / g Ti ????
- ???????,??????????,?MgCl2??,?????????,????????
???????????,?????????
??? ???????? ????????????,?????????
???????????????????????R1COOR2,
R1????,a-?????????,R2???????
32 ?????????????,???????????????,??Ti??????,??????,
????????? ??,????????????????????????
?????????????????????,????????,??????????
???????? ???????????????????
??
33- ???????????,?????????????????
- ?
TiCl4 ? VCl4
AlR3 ? AlR2Cl
?
??
??????????? ????,???????
?-78?????????????????? ????,???????,??????
??
TiCl3TiCl2 VCl3
AlR3 ? AlR2Cl
????????, ? -???????????
?
??
34 ????? a-TiCl3 isotactic PP ß -TiCl3
???????? a-TiCl3 AlEt2Cl ???,??????
a-TiCl3 AlEt3???,?????? ??????????,??????
???
?????????,?????? ?? VCl 4 AlEt3 ???????????
????,??????????????????????
2. Z-N?????????
353. ??Z-N????????
- ????????,??????,????????????,????????????
- ???????,??????,???,??????????????????????
- ???
- ?????????????????N2????
- ??????,???????????,????????
- ????,????????????????
367.5 ???????
????a-????,?????????
????? ???(175?),?????,????? (0.903),???,?????????
,????,???????????,??,???,???
???? ?????,?????
37????? ??\?????,TiCl3-AlEt2Cl???,
Al/Ti???14,??5080?,??0.42MPa,?????????? ???????
??????,???????
????? ?????????????,?????????,???????,??
???????? ??PP????1570?,?????
38 1. Z-N?????????????????????
???(IIP)?????????????? ???? ???????g(PP)/g(Ti)
h????? ???
39(1)????-?????????
?????????????????,?????,???????????
??
- ??????????????
- TiCl3(a,?,d) gt VCl3 gt ZrCl3 gt CrCl3
- ???????(Ti,V,Zr)????IIP????
- ??????????????
- TiCl3(a,?,d) gt TiCl2 gt TiCl4ß- TiCl3
- ß- TiCl3??TiCl4????????
40- ???????????,??????????????????
- TiCl3(a,?,d) gt TiBr3ß- TiCl3 gt TiI3
- ???????
- TiCl3?a,ß ,?,d????,??a,?,d??????????????????,?????
??????? ß - TiCl3?????,?????????? - ????,???????????????????????
41(2)????-IIII???????????
??TiCl3??,????????????IIP???
- ????,????
- BeEt2(a,?,d) gt MgEt2 gt ZnEt2 gt NaEt
- ????,????
- AlEt3 gt Al(n-C3H7)3 gt Al (n-C4H9)3 Al
(n-C6H13)3 Al (n-C6H5)3 - ???????????IIP?????
- AlEt2I gt AlEt2Br gt AlEt2Cl AlEt2F
- ???????????????,?????????? ?
- AlEt3 gt AlEt2Cl gt AlEtCl2gt AlCl3
42 ?IIP????TiCl3(a,?,d) ????????????
??????????????,???????????
??????,??,IIP,??AlEt2Cl??????
????????,?????,????????????,????TiCl4 -AlEt3?????
43 ????IIP?Rp?Al/Ti????,????????????????????Al/Ti?
??
?????????Al/Ti????,????????
??,?????Al/Ti(?2)?????,?????,??????????????????Al
/Ti???,????????? Al/Ti????(gt15),?????????,????????
????????? ??TiCl3(a,?,d) - AlEt2Cl??????,
Al/Ti???1.52.5?
44 ???????,???????????, a-??????????????,???
?,???????
CH2CH2 gt CH2CHCH3 gt CH2CHCH2CH3
gt CH2CHCH2CH(CH3 )2 gt CH2CHCH(CH3)2
gt CH2CHCH(CH2CH3 )2 gtCH2CHC(CH3)3
453.?????????
?a-TiCl3 - AlEt3?????????????????,??????????????
??????
???????,???????????????,?????????????????????
??????????? C-H CH2CH
C-CH2CH2 C- CH2CH C-CH2CH C2H5
k1
k2
46???
kp
C-CH2CHC2H5 C-CH2CHCH2CHn C2H5
???
ktr,Al
47?????
ktr,M
ktr,H
???????H2??????Xn?Rp??????
???
48 ?????????????????,????????????????????????
??????????
??????ß-H??
kt
(???)
????
kt
C-CH2CHCH2CHn C2H5 H2O
49??????????????????????????? ????????????,???????
?????????????
????????????
Rp kp CM
????-TiCl3-AlEt3???????,??????????????????????,?
???????????????
50????-TiCl3-AlEt3????????????? A?????? B???????
?????????
A-???
B-???
?????????(III?)??????????? ???????????????????????
? ???????????
- ??AlEt3????TiCl3??????????,????????Langmuir-Hin
schlwood?Rideal???????
51- Langmuir-Hinschlwood??
- ??
- TiCl3????????????(?????Al),??????(?????M
),?????????????? - ???????????????????
- KAl?KM????????????????
- Al?M??? ????????????
52- ?TiCl3???AlR3???????????????,?
??,S????????,??Al ??M ????,
????????????,????????????,?????????????
- ????
- ????????????TiCl3?????????,??????Langmuir???
53- Rideal??
- ??????????????(?????????)????
???????,?TiCl3????????,Rp??Rideal???
544. a-?????????
??????,?????????????,??????????????????
???????????????? ??????????????
- (1) Natta ?????
- ?1959??Natta????,??????????
- ????
- ????????????,??????????????????????
- ???Al-C????,??????????
55- ?-?????????????????Ti???,???-???
????
- ??????????????,?????????????????????
?-???
56- ???????Al-C??,?????,?????????????
???????
???
57- ???????Ti???(??), ??Al-CH2CH3???,-CH2CH3??????????
ß-????(Al???),????????????
???? ??Ziegler??AlEt3??????????????????
??????????????,???????????
?????????,???????,????AlEt3,???????
?????????????????,??????????????????
58 ??????,??????????????????????????????????
?????,????????????????,Natta??,????TiCl3?????????,
?????????????????
???? ??????Al???????
???????????????
??????????,??????????-??????
59Cossee(???????)?1960?????,????????????????????????
?,???????? ???Arlman????,????????? ????????????
60a - TiCl3?????
61????????????????
62??p-?????
63Alkene-metal complexes Ti??????????? 4s23d2
sp3d2??,6???,6 ???
64???????????????
65?????????????????????????,??????
66????
- ?????????(TiCl3(?, ?, ? ) -AlR3??)
AlR3
??????????????????????
??????Ti?????R?????????????????? AlR3????Ti??????
67??
????
??????
68- ????????????
- ??????????,????Ti-C???,???Ti?-C
?-???,?????????? - ???????????
- R??ß??????????C-C ? ??????(1. 54 Å),????1. 9
Å,?????????????? - ???????
- ???????(5)???(1)????,???????????,????????????
- ????(5)?(1)????????????,R????(5)?????Cl-????
???,??????????????(1)??,??????(1)?
69????
????
????
70????,?????????????????
????
R? ???? ????????
????
- ???????R??????,????PP?
- ????,?-70????????PP?
71- ???????
- ???????-????????
- ????????I-III????????????????,???????????T
iCl3 - ??,?????????,????Z-N????????,????????? - ???? Z-N???,??????,?????????,???????????-?
????? - TiCl3?????????????
- ??????????---????
- ??????????--???-????????
- ??????????????????????????????Ti??????????????
???
72????
- ?????????????,??????????
- ?????????PP?????????
- ?????????????????????????
?????????a-?????????????????????
?????????????Z-N???,VCl4- AlEt2Cl,-78
?,???(??Lewis???????), VCl4/AlEt2Cl/???1301?
73(No Transcript)
74????,????,???????????? ????????,???????,?????
75(No Transcript)
767.6 ????(?)??
1. ????????
- ???????????(??????LDPE)
- ??180200?,??150300MPa
- ???O2(0.05)?????
- ?????????
- ?????????,??????,?????????,????(5565
)???( 105110? )????(0.910.925),???????
77 ??130270?,??1.88MPa ??????IVB?????(Cr?
Mo) ??? ?? Al2O3, SiO2 ????
?? ???????? ?? ???????
????????,????,???(90)
???? 1 ??????????,????? 2
?????????????? ???????????????,????????
78 ??6090?,??0.21.5MPa ??? TiCl4- AlEt3
???? ?? ?????? ?? ????
??????,????,???(9095) ???(0.950.96)??,??,??
? ??????,???? ???????,lt35??
792. ?????
- ??????,???????,??????,???????,???????
- EVA ??-??????????
- ???? ??????????
- ????????(LLDPE)
- ?????HDPE??,??Z-N???,???????,??,????,?????????
??,?????????????????,?????
80??????( EPR) ??????,EPM?
???????????????,?????????EPDM?
1963???Exxon??????,1972?????????????2000?/?????,??
,??,?????
817.7 ?????????
- ???????-?????
- n-C4H9Li????
- 1 ??,0?,??81???????,?????
- ???
- 2 THF,????????,??????31,??????
- ???????
- THF,70 ?,????????,??????9,??66,??????
?????????????
???-?????????,??????
???????Z-N,??????
827.8 ??????
- ??????????????(???)?IVB????????????
???????????????????????????????????? - ???????????,????????????????
? ??????
83- ??M????(Zr)??(Ti)??(Hf)?, ????????????
- ????X???????
- ??????R????????????????
- ??
- ????????????R?????NR?
- ??(ER2)m??????
- ?(????)?????????(????)???????????????
?????????
???????????????,??????????????????????????
?????????????,??????????????
84? ??
- 1)?????100???????????,?Z-N?????13???????
- Cp2ZrCl2/MAO???????,???105kg/gZr.h,
- ???Z-N????103kg/gTi.h?
- 2)??????
- ???????????????,??????????????-??????
-??,???????????????????????,1.051.8????????? - 3)?????
- ????????????????????
- 4)???????????????????,??
- ?????????????
85? ??
-
- ??????????????????,??????????????????????
????????????????????????????????? - ????,????Z-N????????
867.9 ?????????????
??????????????????? ???????? ????????????
1 ???????????
Z-N??? ?-??????? ??????
?????
87- ?-???????
- ??????Ti?V?Cr?Ni?Co?Ru?Rh?? ?-???????????
- ???-????, ?-C3H5NiX,
- X?????,???
- Cl?Br?I?OCOCH3?OCOCH2Cl?OCOCF3
- ?????,????,????????,????????,????-????
???? - ??????,?????,??????,
- ???????????????????,
- ?????I?,??1, 4??(93),?????
882 ?????????
?-???????????????
???
???? ?????
89?1,4-????
???
L (????)
???? ?????
901, 4??
1, 2??
?1, 4-????
1, 2-????
91- ???????????????????
- ?????????????
- Ni?Co???????????????2. 87Å??
- ???????????????
???????????????,???????
- ?????????????????????,??????????
- Mt???????
?????? ??????,??,???