P

1
??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????
????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????
2
????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????
??? ???????? ?????????
P NN
???? ??????????
????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????
?? ????????? ?? 1836 ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????
?????
????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????
?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????
????? ??? C 6
????? ????? ??? p ??? e
3
????????????????
P N
?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????
???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????

• ???? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ???
  ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????
  ???? ????? 99.9 ???? ???
• ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ???? ??
  ???? ?? ??? ??????
• ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? C 12

??? ?????? ??? P ??? N
??? N ??? ?????? ??? P
4
????? ??????????? e
????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????
??? 9.109 10- 28 ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????
????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? .
P N
e
e
5
???????? ?????????
????? ????? ??? p ??? e
??? ?????? ??? P ??? N
??? N ??? ?????? ??? P
6
?????
?????? ????? ????? ??? P ??? ?????? ??? N ??? e
Be 2 4 2
B 5 6
Na 12 11
7
???? ???
??????? 1 H1??????? 2 H 1 ????????? 3H 1 ???????
????? ?????
??? p
??? e
??? ??????
??? N
8
????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ????
???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??
????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????
??????? 00 ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ????
??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??
???????
?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???
?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????
???????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??
????? ????? ???????? ( ??? P , N )
9
???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????
??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??
?????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???
???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????
????? ?????
10
????? ??????? 17CL 35
? 17 CL 37 ???????? ????
?????

• ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???
• ???????? - ????????- ?????? ???? ???
  ?????? ?????

11
??? ????? (( ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ))
????? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ??????
?????? ? ???? ??? ?? ????
12

• ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????

• ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ( ?????????? ????
  ????? ??? ??????? ) ???? ????