Ethical Justice

1
Ethical Justice

• Chapter Two Ethical Issues for Students of
  Criminal Justice

2
Ethical Issues for Students

• Students of Criminal Justice, Justice Studies,
  and Justice Administration will be confronted
  with ethical issues and dilemmas.
• These students must research and understand the
  ethical requirements of the criminal justice
  system, as well as the specific codes of conduct
  where they attend classes.

3
Employment Screening

• Employment disqualifiers are past and present
  activities or affiliations that evidence, or even
  appear to evidence, criminality, a propensity for
  dishonesty, or poor character.
• Examples include illegal drug use, abuse of
  prescription medications, alcohol abuse, gambling
  addictions, criminal arrests and convictions,
  commission of undetected crimes, extensive
  history of traffic violations, gang affiliations,
  affiliations with known criminals, mental
  disorders, and pervasive financial problems.

4
Employment Screening

• Employers may also require background
  investigations aimed at ethical concerns.
• Examples include resume and application
  verification, criminal history, moral fitness,
  financial history, known associates, and
  polygraph examination.

5
Student Codes of Honor, Ethics and Conduct

• Every educational institution has its own code of
  conduct for registered students. These mandates
  spell out the values, virtues, and behaviors that
  are expected of all registrants and their guests.
  
• Student codes of conduct are not specifically
  intended to manage unlawful conduct.
• First, student codes are first intended to help
  cultivate and manage student character as a
  whole.
• Second, they give the institution domain and
  recourse when a victimized student does not
  pursue criminal charges or a civil remedy.

6
Student Misconduct

• Student misconduct can be defined as any
  violation of institutional rules, regulations, or
  codes of conduct by a student.
• Behaviors that are explicitly prohibited include
  those involving dishonesty academic misconduct
  hazing indecency inappropriate sexual behavior
  improper relationships between staff and
  students illegal possession or use of drugs and
  alcohol stalking threats and harassment
  interfering with staff or students violence and
  any conduct that might constitute a criminal
  offense.
• Depending on the severity, student misconduct may
  result in the issuance of a warning, a
  probationary period, a suspension, or in extreme
  cases, expulsion.

7
Academic Misconduct

• Academic misconduct is a specific type of student
  misconduct, referring to any action that is
  intended to create an unfair academic advantage
  for oneself, or that unfairly impacts the
  advantages of other members in the academic
  community.
• Examples include the following
• Cheating refers to any dishonest behavior that
  is intended to secure an unfair advantage
  especially during an examination or an assessment
  of some kind.

8
Academic Misconduct

• Plagiarism involves the use of intellectual
  property (e.g., words, constructs, inventions, or
  ideas) without proper acknowledgement, giving
  others the false impression that it is original
  work.
• Plagiarism includes plagiarism of authorship,
  direct plagiarism, paraphrasing, and
  self-plagiarism.
• Data and information fabrication refers to
  making up data or results and recording or
  reporting them.
• Theft or damage of intellectual property
  involved intentionally stealing or destroying the
  work of another.
• Faking illness, family emergencies, or
  victimization.

9
Inappropriate Relationships

• Inappropriate relationships are defined as any
  relationships that cause or promote ethical
  dilemmas.
• With respect to students, this includes any
  relationship with an instructor that exists
  outside of the established boundaries of
  traditional student-faculty roles.

10
Inappropriate Relationships

• Personal relationships between students and staff
  are problematic and generally inappropriate for
  the following reasons
• Younger students are easy prey for staff members
  with a penchant for sating those taking their
  courses
• Staff members that are emotionally involved with
  their students are in a continuous ethical bind
  with respect to perceived expectations, grading,
  and opportunities that are unavailable to those
  without the same intimate access
• Relationships can create the appearance of
  favoritism and
• There can be severe fall out from student-faculty
  relationships when they end.

11
Drugs Alcohol

• Apart from being a violation of student code and
  possibly the law, alcohol and drug abuse
  accomplish three things with certainty
• This kind of behavior makes it easy to get into
  inappropriate, illegal, and dangerous situations
• This kind of behavior makes it difficult to
  recognize, and get out of, inappropriate,
  illegal, and dangerous situations and
• Those abusing alcohol and drugs can be certain
  that professionals, and prospective employers,
  will view them as liabilities.

12
Hazing

• Hazing is a reference to a particular kind of
  initiation ritual that involves physical pain or
  mental distress coupled with humiliating,
  intimidating, and demeaning treatment.
• In a nationwide college survey of hazing and
  hazing related issues, hazing commonly involved
  the following
• Sleep deprivation, servitude, cross-dressing,
  being tied up or confined to small places,
  drinking large amounts of alcohol, and performing
  sex acts in groups, with persons of the same
  gender, or on other members of the group.
• Significantly, participants engage in hazing
  activities willingly, believing that their
  suffering will earn them respect and loyalty of
  the group.

13
Stalking

• Stalking involves repeated and persistent
  unwanted communication or contact that creates
  far in the target.
• A list of common stalking behaviors include
• Unwanted phone calls, voice or text messages,
  hang-ups
• Unwanted emails, instant messages, messages
  through social media
• Unwanted cards, letters, flowers, or presents
• Watching or following from a distance, spying
  with a listening device, camera, or GPS

14
Stalking

• Continued
• Approaching or showing up in places such as the
  victims home, workplace, or school when it is
  unwanted
• Leaving strange or potentially threatening items
  for the victim to find
• Sneaking into victims homes or car and doing
  things to scare the victim or let them victim
  know the perpetrator had been there

15
Sexual Misconduct

• Sexual misconduct can be defined as any sexually
  oriented behavior that violates established codes
  of conduct. However, every educational
  institution defines it differently.
• A major factor in the consideration of whether or
  not there has been sexual misconduct is the issue
  of consent.
• Consent refers to the act of giving permission
  with an awareness of the consequences.

16
Sexual Misconduct

• Many educational institutions have policies that
  prohibit any form of sexual coercion.
• Sexual coercion refers to the psychological,
  emotional, chemical, or physical manipulation or
  one person by another for sexual purposes.
• As a result of sexual coercion, student victims
  may perceive very real physical, emotional,
  economic, academic, or social consequences should
  they fail to acquiesce.

17
Graduate Students

• Graduate students have different opportunities
  available to them. These opportunities include
• Teaching
• Conducting research
• Publishing and
• Participating in grant projects.
• These opportunities come with additional ethical
  issues that must be considered by graduate
  students.