Information Gathered from Hugh Ross

1
Information Gathered from Hugh Rosss Books about
God of the Universe as well as the Science
that runs the Universe
(1) The Fingerprint of God Recent Scientific
Discoveries Reveal
the Unmistakable Identity of the
Creator (2) The Genesis Question Scientific
Advances and the Accuracy
of
Genesis (3) Creation and Time A Biblical and
Scientific Perspective on
the Creation-Date
Controversy (4) The Creator and the Cosmos How
the latest Scientific

Discoveries Reveal God (5) Beyond The Cosmos The
Extra-Dimensionality of God
What Recent Discoveries
in
Astrophysics Reveal about the Glory
and Love of God
2
The Six Genesis Creation Days Day One
Genesis 11-5
In the beginning God created the heavens and the
earth. And the earth was formless and void, and
darkness was over the surface of the deep and
the Spirit of God was moving over the surface of
the waters. Then God said, Let there be light
and there was light. And God saw that the light
was good and God separated the light from the
darkness. And God called the light day, and the
darkness He called night. And there was evening
and there was morning, one day. Initially,
there was nothing, and then light was created. As
it moved out, away from the creation point, it
became mass as electromagnetic radiation was
converted into mass in the form of the elementary
particles such as electrons, protons and
neutrons. This is the Big Bang event that is
believed to have occurred at the beginning of
time. As things were formed, they all began
moving away from the creation point and outward
in three dimensions. All scientists agree that
Life on planet earth originated in the oceans,
where the Spirit of God was hovering, or moving
over the waters.
3
The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Two
Genesis 16-8
Then God said, Let there be an expanse in the
midst of the waters, and let it separate the
waters from the waters. And God made the
expanse, and separated the waters which were
below the expanse from the waters which were
above the expanse and it was so. And God called
the expanse heaven. And there was evening and
there was morning, a second day. This is the
beginning of the hydrological cycle that
dominated the weather on Earth, the condensation
and evaporation of water gives the storms their
energy.
4
The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Three
Genesis 19-13
Then God said, Let the earth sprout vegetation,
plants yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing
after their kind, with seed in them, on the
earth and it was so. And the earth brought
forth vegetation, plants yielding seed after
their kind, and trees bearing fruit, with seed
in them, after their kind and God saw that it
was good. And there was evening and there was
morning, a third day. This is the proper order
of how life began on earth. There were plants
before any animals could be present as they were
the food for the animals, which initially were
all herbivores living on plants. Note that it
specifically stated that seeds were present so
that the plants could reproduce and spread after
their kind, in other words one species of plant
could not change into another species of plant.
5
The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Four
Genesis 114-19
Then God said, Let there be lights in the
expanse of the heavens to separate the day from
the night, and let them be for signs, and for
seasons, and for days and years and let them be
for lights in the expanse of the heavens to give
light on the earth and it was so. And God made
the two great lights, the greater light to
govern the day, and the lesser light to
govern the night He made the stars also. And God
placed them in the expanse of the heavens to
give light on the earth, and to govern the day
and the night, and to separate the light from
the darkness and God saw that it was good. And
there was evening and there was morning, a fourth
day. The sun and stars had been created earlier,
but from our viewing point on earth nothing
could be seen due to the heavy dense atmosphere.
So at this point the atmosphere was made
transparent so that sun light could reach the
surface where plants needed the sun light for
photosynthesis. The moon was also created at
this point, and that explains the atmosphere
clearing, from the collision that formed the
moon. This would place the timing of the fourth
day about 4.25 billion years ago (slide 7).
6
The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Five
Genesis 120-23
Then God said, Let the waters teem with swarms
of living creatures, and let birds fly above the
earth in the open expanse of the heavens. And
God created the great sea monsters, and every
living creature that moves, with which the waters
swarmed after their kind, and every winged bird
after its kind and God saw that it was good.
And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful and
multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and
let birds multiply on the earth. And there was
evening and there was morning, a fifth day. We
know that life began in the oceans not on land,
so it makes sense that God would create
creatures in the oceans first as well. The Great
Sea Monsters could be the dinosaurs, as they
began first in the oceans, and then moved on to
land. When God saw how much they ate, and
dominated the earth, God did not want them to
destroy His prized creation, so he exterminated
them by Flood Basalt volcanism (Daccon Flood
Basalts, 65 MYr). Note that with creatures of the
sea God used the same wording, that they would
reproduce after their kind.
7
The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Six
Genesis 124-31
Then God said, Let the earth bring forth living
creatures after their kind cattle and creeping
things and beasts of the earth after their kind
and it was so. And God made the beasts of the
earth after their kind, and the cattle after
their kind, and everything that creeps on the
ground after its kind and God saw that it was
good. Then God said, Let Us make man in Our
image, according to Our likeness and let them
rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds
of the sky and over the cattle and over all the
earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps
on the earth. And God created man in His own
image, in the image of God He created him male
and female He created them. And God blessed
them and God said to them, Be fruitful and
multiply, and fill the earth, and subdue it and
rule over the fish of the sea and over the
birds of the sky, and over every living thing
that moves on the earth. Then God said,
Behold, I have given you every plant yielding
seed that is on the surface of all the earth,
and every tree which has fruit yielding seed it
shall be food for you and to every beast of the
earth and to every bird of the sky and
every green plant for food, and it was so. And
God saw all that He made, and behold, it was
very good. And there was evening and there was
morning, the Sixth day.
8
The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Six
Animals were created before man, who was
introduced later to rule over and control the
other animals. Man has been responsible for many
species going extinct and is not controlled or
threatened by any animal, Man is in charge of
Planet Earth. This is an assumed responsibility,
and it is hard to live up to, and as a species,
we have failed!
9
The Six Genesis Creation Days Day Seven
Genesis 21-4
Thus the heavens and the earth were completed,
and all their hosts. And by the seventh day God
completed His work which He had done and He
rested on the seventh day from all His work
which He had done. Then God blessed the seventh
day and sanctified it, because in it He rested
from all His work which God had created and
made. This is the account of the heavens and the
earth when they were created, in the day that the
Lord God made earth and heaven. Biologically we
find that we are not discovering any new species,
which would agree with the statement that Gods
creating of different life forms has ceased
completely. All we see are slight variations
occurring to compensate for changes in our
environment, which is what Darwins idea of
evolution states. We are still in the seventh
day, which also tells us that the use of Yom did
mean long time periods not 24 hr days. God is
waiting for his return to Earth his creation
this will occur at the return of Jesus as
foretold in the book of revelation.
10
Young or Old Earth?
In 1642 Cambridge University Vice-Chancellor John
Lightfoot calculated a date for the creation of
the universe of September 17, 3928 BC, based upon
the genealogies in Genesis, Exodus, 1 and 2
Kings, and 1 and 2 Chronicles. This was corrected
in 1650 by James Ussher, an Anglican archbishop
in Ireland, making it October 3, 4004 BC. These
dates and time scale were widely backed by the
church for many years, driving many scientists
and other people away from God! In 1961 Henry
Morris, a civil engineering Professor and John
Whitcomb, a theology Professor, published a book
entitled The Genesis Flood, in 1963 the Creation
Research Society (CRS) was formed to push the
young-earth teaching. By 1970 the teaching of
evolution became legal in all states, the
Institute for Creation Research was established
in 1972 to push the idea of a young earth and
Gods creation of the earth. With these dates,
the Earth must be 6,000 years old in 2004! The
Hebrew word yom is used in Genesis for day, and
in Hebrew it has three meanings (a) sunrise to
sunset, (b) sunset to sunset, (c) a segment of
time without any reference to solar days
(anywhere from weeks to a year to several years
to an age or epoch). It cannot be used for
infinite time, but only for a specific time
period. How do the ages that are found by
Science agree with these ideas of young age
that are being pushed by the young earth
creationists?
11
Age of the Universe

• Expansion of the Universe from the Big Bang!
• Astronomers have been able to measure the
  motion and speed of Galaxies
• and the even older, more power-packed
  bodies called quasars. What they
• see is that the farther away the object,
  the faster it is moving away. This set
• of facts tells us that the universe is
  expanding outward from a starting point
• in space and time. Confirmation of this
  expansion time measurement
• comes from observations of the
  temperature and smoothness of the
• cosmic background radiation. The latest
  results give dates accurate to
• within 15.
• 2. Stellar Burning!
• The color and brightness of a star will
  tell how long it has been burning if
• we know its mass. This is based upon
  models of stellar formation and
• upon nuclear physics experiments and
  theories. These estimates of the
• ages of the stars should be accurate to
  within 5.
• 3. Abundances of Radioactive Elements!
• Heavy elements are produced only during
  fast neutron capture in supernovae
• explosions. These giant exploding stars
  produce the heavy elements by

12
Components of Matter
All Matter consists of Elementary Particles,
called Atoms, which are composed of Protons,
Neutrons and Electrons. (P, N or n, e-)
(A proton is normally designated as
1H) Neutrons are unstable outside of the Nucleus,
where they are combined with protons and held
together by the strong Nuclear Force, without
being combined with a proton, a Neutron is
unstable, and decays by a Radioactive Decay
process. n P e- Energy
or n 1H e- Energy This process is
called Beta decay and occurs when ever there are
too many protons in the nucleus of an atom. A
Beta particle is nothing more than a high speed
(Energy!) electron, normally traveling at a
speed of a fraction of the speed of light ( 3.7 x
108m/s) with an energy of millions of electron
volts.
13
How are Elements Produced? - I
Neutron Capture Long Time Scale Star
Hydrogen Burning This process is called
Nuclear Fusion and is the source of Energy
in Stars such as our sun!
1H 1H 2H b ( b a
positive electron, or positron, a particle of
anti-matter!) ( 2H Deuterium, a Heavy
isotope of Hydrogen, containing one Proton
and one Neutron) When anti-matter and normal
matter come into contact with each other, they
destroy each other, producing energy in the form
of Gamma-rays! e-
b 2 g ( 511 kev)
14
How are Elements Produced? - II

• The process continues until nearly all of the
  hydrogen has been
• used up producing Helium (several hundred billion
  years), and
• then the star undergoes the second phase of
  stellar burning,
• helium fusion.
• 1H 1H 2H b 1H 2H
  3He (He Helium)
• 2H 2H 3He 1n 2H
  3H 4He 1n
• 3He 3He 4He 2 1H 3He
  1H 4He b
• This is where our Star, the Sun obtains its
  energy currently, and
• these Nuclear reactions are occurring producing
  energy (light and
• heat) as well as Helium. This will continue for
  several billion years.

15
How are Elements Produced? - III
Radioactive decay There are several forms of
radioactive
decay, we will only consider two Alpha
decay Heavy elements, Uranium and Thorium etc.
238U 4a 234Th
Energy Beta decay Neutron rich
Isotopes 14C b- 14N
Energy
16
How are Elements Produced? - IV
The Neutrons that are produced by the previous
nuclear reactions are captured by other isotopes
producing neutron rich isotopes. Some of these
isotopes are not stable due to the large numbers
of Neutrons and they undergo beta decay, where a
neutron decays into a proton, producing a new
element! Several examples are given below, and
on the following slides. 12C(n,g)13C
(Stable) 13C(n,g)14C (Radioactive, 5730 year
T1/2) 14C b- 14N
14N(n,g)15N (Stable) 15N(n,g)16N
(Radioactive, 7.1 sec T1/2) 16N
b- 16O 16O(n,g)17O (Stable)
17O(n,g)18O (Stable) 18O(n,g)19O (Radioactive,
26.9 sec T1/2) 19O b- 19F
19F(n,g)20F (Radioactive, 11.0 sec T1/2)
20F b- 20Ne 20Ne(n,g)21Ne (Stable)
17
How are Elements Produced? - V
21Ne(n,g)22Ne (Stable) 22Ne(n,g)23Ne
(Radioactive, 37.2 sec T1/2) 23Ne
b- 23Na 23Na(n,g)24Na (Radioactive, 15.0 hr
T1/2) 24Na b-
24Mg 24Mg(n,g)25Mg (Stable) 25Mg(n,g)26Mg
(Stable) 26Mg(n,g)27Mg (Radioactive, 9.4 min
T1/2) 27Mg b-
27Al 27Al(n,g)28Al (Radioactive, 2.3 min T1/2)
28Al b- 28Si 28Si(n,g)29Si
(Stable) 29Si(n,g)30Si (Stable) 30Si(n,g)31Si
(Radioactive, 2.6 hr T1/2) 31Si
b- 31P 31P(n,g)32P (Stable) 32P(n,g)33P
(Radioactive, 14.3 d T1/2) 33P
b- 33S 33S(n,g)34S (Stable) 34S(n,g)35
S (Radioactive, 87.2 d T1/2)
35S b- 35Cl 35Cl(n,g)36Cl (Radioactive,
3.01 x 105yr T1/2) 36Cl b- 36Ar
36Ar(n,g)37Ar (Radioactive, 35.0 d T1/2)
37Ar e- 37Cl
18
How are Elements Produced? - VI
37Cl(n,g)38Cl (Radioactive, 37.2 min T1/2)
38Cl b- 38Ar 38Ar(n,g)39Ar
(Radioactive, 369 yr T1/2) 39Ar
b- 39K 39K(n,g)40K (Radioactive, 1.28 x
109yr T1/2) 40K b-
40Ca 40Ca(n,g)41Ca (Radioactive, 1.03 x 105yr
T1/2) 41Ca e- 41K 41K(n,g)42K
(Radioactive, 12.4 hr T1/2) 42K
b- 42Ca 42Ca(n,g)43Ca
(Stable) 43Ca(n,g)44Ca (Stable) 44Ca(n,g)45Ca
(Radioactive, 162.7 d T1/2) 45Ca
b- 45Sc 45Sc(n,g)46Sc (Radioactive, 83.8 d
T1/2) 46Sc b-
46Ti 46Ti(n,g)47Ti (Stable) 47Ti(n,g)48Ti
(Stable) 48Ti(n,g)49Ti (Stable) 49Ti(n,g)50Ti
(Stable) 50Ti(n,g)51Ti (Radioactive, 5.76 min
T1/2) 51Ti b-
51V 51V(n,g)52V (Radioactive, 3.76 min T1/2)
52V b- 52Cr 52Cr(n,g)53Cr
(Stable)
19
How are Elements Produced? - VII
Because of gaps in Nuclear Stability, and the
binding energy per Nucleon, it is impossible to
make elements above Iron by simple Neutron
capture and Beta decay! The only way to produce
elements heavier than Iron is by neutron capture
on a fast time scale before any of the short
lived intermediaries can decay. This must occur
during a super Novae explosion, where many
neutrons can be captured in a very short time
scale ( 10-6sec). Since elements above Iron are
very common on earth, we must have been cycled
through at least one super Novae explosion.
Followed by subsequent beta decay until we reach
Nuclear stability. Example 55Fe(n,g)56Fe(n,g)5
7Fe(20n,20g)87Fe 87Fe b-
87Co 8b- 79Br
20
How are Elements Produced? - VIII
Since there are no Stable elements above the mass
of Bismuth, we must have neutron capture on a
fast time scale to make elements such as
Uranium, which do exist on earth! For example
209Bi 29 1n 9b- 238U The
existence of heavy elements on earth with long
half-lives shows that every thing on Earth was at
least once cycled through a supernovae explosion.
21
Known nuclides
22
Clarification of some fine Points!
On some of the previous slides, I was using
Scientific notation, and it needs to be
explained! In Scientific notation, a number that
is very large, or very small can be indicated in
an abbreviated form. A number is given as a
number between 1 10 followed by a factor of 10
multiplier. N x 10n Examples
100 1 x 102 one
hundred 1,000 1 x
103 one thousand
1,000,000 1 x 106 one million
1,000,000,000 1 x 109 one billion
1,000,000,000,000 1 x 1012 one
trillion 0.001 1 x
10-3 one thousandth
0.0000001 1 x 10-6 one millionth
0.0000000001 1 x 10-9 one
billionth 0.0000000000001 1 x 10-12
one trillionth
23
Natural Decay Series of Existing Isotopes
40K
40Ar b- T1/2 1.29 x
109yrs 87Rb
87Sr b- T1/2
4.8 x 1010yrs 232 Th
208 Pb T1/2
1.4 x 1010yrs 235U
207 Pb
T1/2 7 x 108yrs 238U
206 Pb
T1/2 4.5 x 109yrs
24
Radiogenic Dating methods
The Parent radioisotope decays to the daughter in
the time indicated as the half-life. In all
changes of this type, ½ of the atoms decays to
the daughter in the time indicated. By measuring
the quantity of the parent isotope present and
the quantity of the daughter present one can
calculate the quantity of time that has elapsed
since the material being tested has been isolated
from outside interference. In the case of the
Long lived Uranium and Thorium decay series,
there are elements in the decay series that are
Noble gases, and being a gas could be lost, but
if they are lost, the apparent decay time would
be shorter, not longer! Models of Element
production by the S and R processes are used
to know how much was initially formed in the
Primordial Universe.
25
Figure 21.3 The decay of a 10.0-g sample of
strontium-90 over time.
26
Radioactive Dating Methods
The most common dating method is 14C which has a
Half-life of 5730 years decays by Beta emission
(a high energy electron), in which a neutron
changes into a proton to produce the product
14N. Professor Willard Libby developed the 14C
dating method, and received the Nobel prize for
developing the technique in 1960. This method has
been used for many years, and as long as
representative samples are used, the method
delivers excellent data, on samples with ages up
to approximately 50,000 years. To measure the
very long times needed in the ages of the Earth
and Universe, we use the very long lived
naturally occurring isotopes such as 235U, T1/2
7.04 x 108 yrs (704,000,000 yrs)
Eventually forming 207Pb 238U, T1/2
4.47 x 109 yrs (4,470,000,000 yrs)

206Pb 232Th, T1/2 1.40 x 1010 yrs
(14,000,000,000 yrs).
208Pb One Stable Isotope of
Lead is 204Pb which is have not found in any
radioactive decay series of a naturally
occurring Isotope indicating that it was formed
in the original big bang event, and represents
premordial formation. Each of these decays to a
different lead isotope which can be measured,
giving a dating method that can be used to date
the ages of not only the Earth, but almost any
physical object that contains matter.
27
Natural Decay series for Uranium 238
238U 234 Th
234Pa 234U 230 Th 226Ra
222Rn 218Po 214Pb


218At 214Bi 210
Tl
214Po 210Pb
206Hg ? decay
210Bi
206Tl ??? decay
210 Po 206Pb
238U -- 8 ?? decays and 6 ? decays leaves you
with -- 206Pb
28
Age of the Universe
Relaxation times of star clusters
gt 4 Billion Years Erosion on Mercury,
Mars, and the Moon gt 4 Billion Years Star
stream interactions in galaxies gt
8 Billion Years Expansion of the Universe
15.5 4.0 Billion
Years Color-Luminosity fitting of Stars
18.0 2.4 Nucleochronology
(Radioisotopes) 17.0 4.0
Deuterium abundance and mass density 19.0
5.0 Anthropic Principles
17.0 7.0

Mean age 17 3 Billion Years
29
The Greatest Discovery of the Century-I

• Fact The universe is only billions of years old,
  not quadrillions
• or a nearly infinite number of
  years.
• Theological significance Religious and
  philosophical systems
• depending on infinite or near
  infinite age have no
• foundation in reality.
• 2) Fact The universe can be traced back to a
  single, ultimate
• origin of matter, energy, time and
  space (with the
• dimensions of length, width, and
  height).
• Theological significance The cause of the
  universe i.e., the
• Entity (Creator) who brought the
  universe into existence
• existed and created from out-side
  (independent) of the
• matter, energy, and space-time
  dimensions of the
• universe.

30
The Greatest Discovery of the Century-II
3) Fact The universe, our galaxy, and our solar
system exhibit more than sixty
characteristics that require exquisite
fine-tuning for their very existence, and
also for the existence of life
(any kind of physical life, not just life as
we know it). Theological
significance The Entity (Creator) who brought
the universe into existence must
be personal, intelligent,
powerful, and caring, for only a
super-intelligent, super-powerful
Person could design and manufacture
what we see, including life caring, for only
care could explain the enormous
investment of creative effort, the
attention to intricate detail, and the
comprehensive provision for
needs. Observations by the COBE satellite of
tiny ripples in the radiation left over from the
Big Bang. Evidence for the birth of the
universe!
31
Age of the Solar System
The Nucleochronology dating methods use the
half-lives of long lived radioisotopes and their
daughters to measure the long time periods
involved in the ages of the Earth, Moon, and
Universe. Age of the Universe 17 3 Billion
Years Age of the Earth 4.57 Billion
Years Age of the moon 4.25 Billion
Years
-
32
Ages in the Earth-Moon system
Based upon Earths position relative to the sun,
it should have an atmosphere 40 times as dense
as it has! What happened to the atmosphere? The
answer is our over sized moon! Something
happened about 4.25 billion years ago. The moon
is moving away from Earth at a rate of several cm
per year! This implies that the moon was in
contact with the Earth approximately 4.25 billion
years ago. The moon is younger than the earth.
Radioisotopic dating methods show that the Earth
is 4.57 billion years old, and from Apollo
samples brought back from the moon, it is only
4.25 billion years old. The size of the moon
also puts a drag on the earths rotational
velocity, and the Earths rotation is definitely
slowing down. The moon also has a slightly, but
significantly different chemical and Isotopic
composition than does the Earth, proving that
they did not form from the same dust cloud
orbiting around the sun. It is postulated that
an impactor approximately the size of Mars (nine
times the mass of the moon, and one-ninth the
mass of Earth), hit the earth and blew the
atmosphere (containing methane and ammonia) into
space, but retaining the water, which is heavier.
33
The Response of Young Earth Creationists
Challenge 1 Astronomers are wrong about the
distance to stars and galaxies. Reply The
implication is that astronomers determine the
distances of cosmic objects by only one method
the red-shifts of spectral lines. And because
red-shift measurements of distances may possibly
be off by a large percentage, the distances
reported by astronomers are considered
unreliable. This, however, is not true.
Astronomers use a wide variety of distance
measuring tools. While disagreement does exist
over which are the most reliable, the
uncertainties hover around 10 to 15 percent.
Challenge 2 God could have created the light
waves already in transit. Reply This argument
obviously belongs to the appearance-of-age
category. The overlooked fact here is that star
light and galaxy light give direct indications of
their travel distances. The spectral lines
(light waves at various frequencies) of stars and
galaxies are broadened in direct proportion to
the distance they travel. The random motions of
gas clouds in space cause this effect. The
radiation between spectral lines, called the
continuum, grows redder as it travels through
interstellar and intergalactic dust. This
reddening, like the effect of forest fire smoke
on our view of the sun, is directly proportional
to the distance the light has traveled. Both
theory and observations confirm that the
broadening and reddening effects are reliable
indicators of light-travel time and distance,
even up to billions of light years.
34
The Response of Young Earth Creationists
Challenge 3 Light may have traveled faster a few
thousand years ago. Reply The work of two
Australian creationists has been widely
publicized among proponents of a young universe.
Barry Setterfield and Trevor Norman teamed up to
propose that the reason the universe appears old
is that light used to travel much faster than it
does today. Given decay in lights velocity, the
present value of the velocity of light would
yield an inaccurate measure of the size and age
for the universe. The basis for this claim
is a misinterpretation of data from
speed-of-light measurements made over many
years. What the data actually show is the
increasing refinement of measurements, not a
change in velocity. The first calculation of the
speed of light was attempted in 1675 by Olaus
Romer, a Danish astronomer. His figure was about
3 higher than the modern measurements show. But
the uncertainty in his measurements exceeded 3.
If Romer had had more precise data for one part
of his calculation, his speed-of-light figure
would have agreed with modern measurements to
within 0.5. Apparently the article describing
this research was misunderstood by the
Australians, and they took the 1675 speed figure
as evidence for the speed-of-light decreasing by
0.5.
35
The Response of Young Earth Creationists
Challenge 4 Light may take a shortcut through
space. Reply This argument arises from the work
of young-universe creationist Harold Slusher,
who picks up the idea proposed in 1953 by Parry
Moon and Domina Spencer who were trying to
overthrow Einsteins theory of relativity. Their
theory was that light could travel in a
different type of space, a highly curved type of
space, and therefore travel faster than its
fixed speed. They backed up their theory with no
mathematics, or facts, and Slusher did not know
how well proven Einsteins theory of relativity
is accepted and understood by scientists.
36
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - I
Sample Evidence A The continents are eroding too
quickly Erosion measurements show that the
continents are lowered by wind, rain, etc., at a
rate of about 0.05 millimeters per year. At this
rate, the continents (averaging about 800 meters
in elevation) would disappear in about 16 million
years. Since continents do still have
considerable elevation, the earth must be younger
than 16 million years. Reply The fallacy lies
in its failure to acknowledge that lava flows,
delta and continental shelf buildup (from eroded
material), coral reef buildup, and uplift from
colliding tectonic plates occur at rates roughly
equivalent to, and in many cases far exceeding,
the erosion rate. The Himalayas, for example, as
a result of tectonic uplift, are rising at a rate
of about 15 millimeters per year. The San
Gabriel Mountains, just north of Los Angeles, are
rising at an average rate of 9 millimeters per
year. Lava flows have increased the land area of
the state of Hawaii by several square miles since
its admission into the United States in 1959.
The amount of land mass added each year as a
result of volcanoes and tectonics is roughly
independent of the total continental land area.
Therefore continental land area continues to
increase until there is enough land area that the
rate of erosion equals the rate of build up. The
time required for the continents to build up from
0 of the global surface area to the present 30
(and equilibrium) takes about 2 billion years.
Thus continental erosion is an argument for an
old rather than a young earth.
37
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - II
Sample Evidence B Dust accumulates too quickly
on the moons surface. In the 1950s
measurements at Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii by a
geophysicist found nickel on air filters, and he
assumed that since it is rare in crustal material
it must all be from meteorites. Using the data
that meteorites are about 2.5 nickel, they
calculated that some 14 million tons of space
dust settles on the earth every year. Applied to
a 4 billion year old moon, this would be 145
feet. Since we know that there is only about 2.5
inches on the moon, this has been used to give an
age for the moon of only about 10,000 years by
the young-universe creationists. Reply I have
done 10 years of aerosol measurements at Mauna
Loa myself, and the Nickel found on atmospheric
aerosols is predominately of Crustal origin, not
extraterrestrial. In fact the quantity of
extraterrestrial material can be measured by an
excess of Iridium and it is much less, amounting
for only about 20 thousand tons of
extraterrestrial dust falling on the earth per
year. This number is in good agreement with that
obtained from satellites, 23 thousand tons per
year. If we use the best data available on the
cosmic dust in fall rate we obtain an age of the
moon of 4.25 billion years, in agreement with
the radiogenic dates for the moon, not the young
earth date of 6,000 years!
38
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - III
Sample Evidence C The earths magnetic field is
decaying too rapidly. The earths magnetic field
has decreased steadily since measurements were
first taken some 150 years ago. Based on the
field strength of a typical magnetic star
(certainly exceeding any conceivable value for
Earth) and on the observed rate of decay,
some creationists have calculated that the decay
process must have begun on Earth on more than
10,000 years ago. Thus the earths age must be
10,000 years or less. Reply The problem with
this evidence is that Earths magnetic field does
not undergo steady decay but rather follows a
sinusoidal pattern. That is, the field strength
decays, builds up, decays, builds up, etc. The
proof for this pattern lies in ancient geological
strata found throughout the world. The rocks
reveal that the earths magnetic field reverses
its polarity roughly every half million years.
Each reversal lasts roughly 10,000 years. The
earths magnetic field originates in the core of
the earth where the Iron-Nickel material that
makes up the core is semi molten, and undergoes
circulation patterns as heat from decaying
radioisotopes is conducted away from the core.
The Iron atoms, being magnetic align themselves
with the earths magnetic field, and volcanic
lava rocks formed during volcanic eruptions show
the direction and strength of the earths
magnetic field as it was when these rocks were
cooled from the liquid magma.
39
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - IV
Sample Evidence D The sun burns by gravitational
contraction and thus must
be young. Before the discovery of
nuclear energy, the only explanation astronomers
could offer for the enormous energy output of the
sun and other stars was gravitational
contraction. Given the diameter and energy output
of our sun, we can calculate that its maximum age
would be about 100 million years if it were
generating energy only by this process. When
some measurements indicated a very slight
decrease in the suns diameter, a number of
young-earth creationists concluded that the
suns energy output must arise only from the
gravitational collapse of the sun, rather than
from nuclear fusion processes at its core.
Therefore, they surmised that the suns age must
be less than 100 million years. Reply Again,
the argument overlooks significant data. First,
it has been shown that if a body of our suns
diameter were experiencing gravitational
contraction, the temperature, pressure, and
other conditions at its center would inevitably
ignite nuclear fusion. Furthermore, various
measured characteristics of the sun - including
its effective temperature, luminosity, spectra,
radius, outflow of neutrinos, and mass - all
guarantee that the sun is burning by nuclear
fusion and that this fusion has been proceeding
for about 5 billion years. As for the observed
decrease in the suns diameter, the measurements
cited were later found to be at odds with other
visual measurements.
40
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - V
Sample Evidence E Galaxy clusters are not
dispersed widely. For a cluster of heavenly
bodies to remain together (contained), the
gravity of the system must be sufficient to
overcome the velocities of the individual bodies
within it. Armed with measurements of the
velocities and masses for all the galaxies in a
galaxy cluster, astronomers can calculate (a)
the dispersal time (time it takes for all the
galaxies to leave the cluster) for clusters with
total mass too small for gravitational
containment or (b) the relaxation time (time
required for galaxies to assume randomized
velocities) for clusters with total mass large
enough for containment. Some creationists point
out that when such calculations are applied to
galaxy clusters, the lack of observed galaxy
dispersal indicates an age for the clusters much
less than a billion years. Reply The problem
with this argument is that these calculations for
dispersal and relaxation times assume not only
that all the mass within the galaxy clusters is
luminous but also that galaxies approximate
point sources (those with diameters very much
smaller than the average distances between
them). On the contrary, sound evidence exists to
conclude that most of the mass is non-luminous
(that is, not shining by its own light
production). And galaxies cannot be treated as
point sources. In fact, their diameters are only
about an order of magnitude smaller (that is,
about ten times smaller) than the average
distances between them within a given cluster.
41
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - VI
By comparison, however, essentially all of the
mass within the star clusters is visible, and the
stars within the clusters are point sources. The
average distances between them are at least
seven orders of magnitude greater (that is, about
10 million times greater) than their average
diameters. When dispersal and relaxation time
calculations are applied to star clusters in our
galaxy, many clusters show their ages to be
greater than 2 billion years.
42
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - VII
Sample Evidence F Granite crystal halos can
arise from 218Po decay only if the
earth is young. Polonium
218 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of
only three minutes. Yet halos in granite
crystals that appear to arise from the decay of
polonium 218 show up in what seems to be
basement or primordial rock deposits. If the
halos arise from primordial polonium, then how
did the surrounding rocks crystallize so rapidly
that the crystals were ready to receive halo
impressions from the decay of polonium? The
answer according to young-earth creationist
Robert Gentry, among others, is that geologists
are wrong about their understanding of the
processes shaping the earth shortly after its
formation. Instead, they say, God must have
imposed the geological structures
instantaneously. Therefore, measurements by
geologists do not prove that the earth is old,
nor can they be used to argue against a young
earth. Reply There is no evidence proof of
halos in basement or primordial rocks, and
likewise no evidence that halos arise only from
the decay of polonium 218. Geologist Jeffrey
Wakefield actually visited all of Gentrys
sample sites, in every case Gentrys samples
came not from primordial granites as he had
claimed, but rather from young dikes (igneous
rock infusions into vertical fissures) that
crosscut older igneous and sedimentary rocks.
The decay of Uranium or Thorium all have 7 or 8
alpha emitters! Since any alpha emitter can make
halos, these other isotopes could be responsible.
43
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - VIII
Sample Evidence G Rapid sedimentation and peat
deposition following the 1980 Mount Saint
Helens eruption demonstrated that all geological
processes are not gradual, but rapid. Within
a relatively brief period of time (a few months
to a few years) following the violent eruption of
Mt. St. Helens, peat layers (the first stage in
the formation of Coal) and sedimentary rock
already had formed in the vicinity of the
volcano. This phenomenon seemed to young-earth
creationists to challenge the notion that
geologic layers are deposited according to
gradual uniformitarian processes taking place
over millions and hundreds of millions of years.
They concluded that geological processes provide
evidences for a young earth and not for an old
earth. Reply The problem lies in the assumption
that all geological processes either take place
gradually at relatively uniform (i.e., constant)
rates or rapidly at rates pulsed by major
catastrophes. The young-earth versus old-earth
debate is pictured in this context as a battle
between the principles of uniformitarianism and
the principles of catastrophism, with one
significant twist. Catastrophism as defined by
geologists refers to the formation of geologic
structures through a variety of catastrophes
occurring at different times. Young-earth
creationists define catastrophism as the
formation of all Earths major geologic
structures by a single catastrophic event, namely
the Genesis flood, occurring
44
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - IX
during a ten-and-a-half-month period five to
fifteen thousand years ago. The use of the Mount
Saint Helens exemplifies the either-or fallacy
(that is, it sets up an unfounded dilemma).
Geology reflects the operation of both slow and
rapid processes. Some geological features can
only be explained by gradual processes over
millions of years, such as coral atolls,
anthracite coal and certain conglomerate and
metamorphic layers. In the case of coral
atolls, scientists can measure the daily
accumulation of band-like deposits over millions
of years. From these deposits they can make many
determinations, including the rate of slowing of
the earths rotation period. Such deposits
establish that the earths rotation period has
been slowing down at exactly the same rate over
the last 400 million years.
45
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - X
Sample Evidence H Since computer models of the
spiral structure of galaxies show that the
spiral collapses after two or three rotations,
spiral galaxies must be much younger than
astronomers claim. Isaac Newtons laws of motion
enable us to calculate with considerable
precision the dynamics of large rotating systems
of stars. When Kevin Prendergast made such
calculations twenty-five years ago, he
discovered that a large system of stars will
establish a spiral structure only in a few
rotations and that after two or three more
rotations the structure will collapse into a
sphere or an ellipsoid. Since we know that
galaxies take only a few hundred million years
to rotate, the existence of a significant number
of spiral galaxies in the universe today,
according to certain young-universe creationists,
proves they cannot be as old as the 9 to 15
billion years that astronomers claim. Instead,
they must be less than 2 billion years old. If
they are less than 2 billion years old, then
astronomers cannot be trusted in their age
calculations, and perhaps the universe is only
thousands of years old. Reply The argument
based upon evidence H overlooks the continuing
research by Prendergast and others. In the years
following his initial computer modeling efforts,
Prendergast discovered that ongoing star
formation stabilizes the spiral structure.
Specifically, he demonstrated that as long as
new stars continue to form at a significant
46
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - XI
rate within a galaxy, the spiral structure will
be maintained. But as soon as star formation
ceases, the spiral structure will collapse within
the next two or three rotations.
Prendergasts discovery beautifully dovetails
with astronomers observations of galaxies. In
spherical and ellipsoidal galaxies, astronomers
see no evidence of ongoing star formation,
whereas in the spiral galaxies such evidence is
abundant. And, the farther away astronomers look
(that is, the farther back in time they see), the
more spiral galaxies they observe. Since spiral
galaxies still exist, the universe cannot be any
older than about 25 billion years. Because only
6 of the galaxies near our own are spirals, the
universe cannot be any younger than about 12
billion years.
47
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - XII
Sample Evidence I Trails of human footprints
alongside, and sometimes crossing over, trails
of dinosaur prints prove that dinosaurs were
contemporary with humans. The observation of a
few footprints that appear to be human prints
alongside a great many prints that were clearly
made by dinosaurs has been interpreted by many
young-earth creationists as proof that dinosaurs
and men lived together. This fact would imply
that the geological strata in which the prints
were found could not have been deposited tens of
millions of years ago but only in the last few
thousand years. Therefore the dinosaurs and the
strata of the earth are not relics from the past
but have existed only for about ten thousand
years. Reply The first assumption that must be
addressed is that prints in close proximity
necessarily establish contemporaneous existence.
This fact is false. The earths strata can be
disturbed and redisturbed by events occurring at
different times, especially in a river bed like
that at Glen Rose, Texas, where most of the
human footprints have been found. But this
faulty assumption is not the main defect of the
argument from evidence I. The more serious
problem lies in the identification of the prints
as human. There are reasons to believe that
these human prints were made by dinosaurs,
their size, shape, features, etc. All indicate
that these tracks were made by small dinosaurs,
not humans.
48
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - XIII
Sample Evidence J Since a comets average
lifespan is only a couple of thousand years,
given the rather limited supply of comets, their
present existence proves the solar system cannot
be any older than a few thousand years. Comets
orbiting the solar system, such as Halleys
comet, are reported to disintegrate in about two
thousand years on the average. Every time a comet
swings close by the sun, the heat and light of
the sun boil away a significant portion of the
comets mass. After a few dozen revolutions, none
of the comet remains. Since comets are observed
orbiting the sun, the solar system must be only
a few thousand years old. Reply Estimates cited
in evidence J for the average lifespan of a
comets date back to the 1970s. At that time no
space-based measurements of comets were
available, and what data did exist was weighted
heavily by easy-to-see comets. The easiest comets
to see are those that pass closest to the sun,
and these comets suffer the most rapid
disintegration. Hence, estimates previous to
1980 of the average lifespans for comets have
since proven to be far too low. In 1986 five
space craft visited Halleys comet and made the
first accurate measurements of both its mass and
its rate of disintegration. Astronomers
determined that Halleys comet is massive enough
to survive at least another 500 revolutions
around the sun. With observations of Halleys
comet going back to 240 BC, and knowing that it
passes the sun every seventy-six years, we can
calculate
49
Is There Scientific Evidence for a Young
Universe? - IVX
the approximate minimum lifespan for this comet
at 40,000 years. Halleys comet is unusual in
that it has such a short period of revolution.
Much more typical are comets such as Kohoutek,
which comes around the sun every 80,000 years, or
Pons-Brooks and Griggs-Mellish, every 3,000,000
years. Five hundred revolutions for these comets
would yield lifespans of 40 million and 1.5
billion years respectively.
50
A Just Right Universe
Evidence for the Fine Tuning of the Universe

• Strong Nuclear force constant
• if larger no hydrogen nuclei essential
  for life would be unstable
• if smaller no elements other than hydrogen
• Weak Nuclear force constant
• if larger too much hydrogen converted to
  helium in big bang, hence too much
• heavy element material
  made by star burning no expulsion of heavy
• elements from stars
• if smaller too little helium produced
  from big bang, hence too little heavy
• element material made by
  star burning no expulsion of heavy
• elements from stars
• Gravitational force constant
• if larger stars would be too hot and
  would burn up too quickly and too
• unevenly
• if smaller stars would remain so cool
  that nuclear fusion would never ignite,
• hence no heavy element
  production

51

• Electromagnetic force constant
• if larger insufficient chemical bonding
  elements more massive than boron
• would be too unstable for
  fission
• If smaller insufficient chemical bonding
  inadequate quantities of either
• carbon or oxygen
• Ratio of electromagnetic force constant to
  gravitational force constant
• if larger no stars less than 1.4 solar
  masses, hence short stellar life spans and
• uneven stellar luminosities
• if smaller no stars more than 0.8 solar
  masses, hence no heavy element
• production
• Ratio of electron to proton mass
• if larger insufficient chemical bonding
• if smaller insufficient chemical bonding
• Ratio of numbers of protons to electrons
• if larger electromagnetism would dominate
  gravity, preventing galaxy, star,
• and planet formation

52

• 8. Expansion rate of the Universe
• if larger no galaxy formation
• if smaller universe would collapse prior
  to star formation
• Entropy level of the Universe
• if smaller no proto-galaxy formation
• if larger no star condensation within the
  proto-galaxies
• Baryon or nucleon density of the Universe
• if larger too much deuterium from big
  bang, hence stars burn too rapidly
• if smaller insufficient helium from big
  bang, hence too few heavy elements
• forming
• Velocity of light
• if faster stars would be too luminous
• if slower stars would not be luminous
  enough
• Age of the Universe
• if older no solar-type stars in a
  stable burning phase in the right part of the

53

• Initial uniformity of radiation
• if smoother stars, star clusters, and
  galaxies would not have formed
• if coarser universe by now would be
  mostly black holes and empty space
• Fine structure constant (a number used to
  describe the fine structure
• splitting of spectral lines)
• if larger DNA would be unable to
  function no stars more than 0.7 solar
• masses
• if larger than 0.06 matter would be
  unstable in large magnetic fields
• if smaller DNA would be unable to
  function no stars less than 1.8 solar
• masses
• Average distance between galaxies
• if larger insufficient gas would be
  infused into our galaxy to sustain star
• formation over an
  adequate time span
• if smaller the suns orbit would be too
  radically disturbed
• Average distance between stars
• if larger heavy element density too
  thin for rocky planets to form

54

• 12Carbon (12C) to 16Oxygen (16O) energy level
  ratio
• if larger insufficient oxygen
• if smaller insufficient carbon
• Ground state energy level for 4Helium (4He)
• if larger insufficient carbon and
  oxygen
• if smaller insufficient carbon and
  oxygen
• Decay rate of 8Beryllium (8Be) 7 x 10-17sec
• if slower heavy element fusion would
  generate catastrophic explosions in
• all the stars
• if faster no element production beyond
  beryllium and, hence, no life
• chemistry possible
• Mass excess of the neutron over the proton
• n1.67493 x
  10-27kg, p1.67262 x 10-27kg or n/p1.00138
• if greater neutron decay would leave
  too few neutrons to form the heavy
• elements essential
  for life
• if smaller neutron decay would produce
  so many neutrons as to cause all

55

• Polarity of the water molecule
• if greater heat of fusion and
  vaporization would be too great for life to exist
• if smaller heat of fusion and
  vaporization would be too small for lifes
• existence liquid
  water would become too inferior a solvent for
  life
• chemistry to
  proceed ice would not float, leading to a
  runaway
• freeze-up
• Supernovae eruptions
• if too close radiation would
  exterminate life on the planet
• if too far not enough heavy element
  ashes for the formation of rocky planets
• if too frequent life on planet would be
  exterminated
• if too infrequent not enough heavy
  element ashes for the formation of rocky
• planets
• if too late life on the planet would be
  exterminated by radiation
• if too soon not enough heavy element
  ashes for the formation of rocky
• planets
• White dwarf binaries
• if too few insufficient fluorine
  produced for life chemistry to proceed

56

• 26. Ratio of exotic to ordinary matter
• if smaller galaxies would not form
• if larger universe would collapse
  before solar type stars could form
• Galaxy clusters
• if too dense galaxy collisions and
  mergers would disrupt star and planet
• orbits too much
  radiation
• if too sparse insufficient infusion of
  gas into galaxies to sustain star
• formation for a
  long enough time period
• Number of effective dimensions in the early
  universe
• if smaller quantum mechanics, gravity,
  and relativity could not coexist and
• life would be
  impossible
• if larger quantum mechanics, gravity,
  and relativity could not coexist and
• life would be impossible
• Number of effective dimensions in the present
  universe
• if smaller electron, planet, and star
  orbits would become unstable
• if larger electron, planet, and star
  orbits would become unstable

57

• Big bang ripples
• if smaller galaxies would not form
  universe expands too rapidly
• if larger galaxy clusters and galaxies
  would be too dense black holes would
• dominate universe
  collapses too quickly
• Total mass density
• if smaller universe would expand too
  quickly for solar type stars to form
• if larger universe would expand too
  slowly, resulting in unstable orbits and
• too much radiation
• Space energy density
• if smaller universe would expand too
  slowly, resulting in unstable orbits and
• too much radiation
• if larger universe would expand too
  quickly for solar type stars to form
• Size of the relativistic dilation factor
• if smaller certain life-essential
  chemical reactions would not function
• properly
• if larger certain life-essential
  chemical reactions would not function

58
35. Uncertainty magnitude in the Heisenberg
uncertainty principle if smaller oxygen
transport to body cells would be too small
certain
life-essential elements would be unstable
certain life-essential
chemical reactions would not function properly
if larger certain life-essential elements
would be unstable certain
life-essential chemical reactions would not
function properly
59
Scriptures of Gods Creation - I
Psalm 336 By the word of the Lord the
heavens were made, and by the breath of
his mouth all their host. Jer 1012 It
is He who made the earth by His power, Who
established the world by His power And by
His understanding He has stretched out the
heavens. Is 4813 Surely My hand founded
the earth, And My right hand spread out the
heavens When I call to them, they stand
together
60
Scriptures of Gods Creation - II
Is 4518 For thus says the Lord, who created
the heavens (He is the God who forme