About OMICS Group

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About OMICS Group

• OMICS Group International is an
  amalgamation of Open Access publications and
  worldwide international science conferences and
  events. Established in the year 2007 with the
  sole aim of making the information on Sciences
  and technology Open Access, OMICS Group
  publishes 400 online open access scholarly
  journals in all aspects of Science, Engineering,
  Management and Technology journals. OMICS Group
  has been instrumental in taking the knowledge on
  Science technology to the doorsteps of ordinary
  men and women. Research Scholars, Students,
  Libraries, Educational Institutions, Research
  centers and the industry are main stakeholders
  that benefitted greatly from this knowledge
  dissemination. OMICS Group also organizes
  300 International conferences annually across the
  globe, where knowledge transfer takes place
  through debates, round table discussions, poster
  presentations, workshops, symposia and
  exhibitions.

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About OMICS Group Conferences

• OMICS Group International is a pioneer and
  leading science event organizer, which publishes
  around 400 open access journals and conducts over
  300 Medical, Clinical, Engineering, Life
  Sciences, Pharma scientific conferences all over
  the globe annually with the support of more than
  1000 scientific associations and 30,000 editorial
  board members and 3.5 million followers to its
  credit.
• OMICS Group has organized 500 conferences,
  workshops and national symposiums across the
  major cities including San Francisco, Las Vegas,
  San Antonio, Omaha, Orlando, Raleigh, Santa
  Clara, Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, United
  Kingdom, Valencia, Dubai, Beijing, Hyderabad,
  Bengaluru and Mumbai.

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Biometrics for Intelligence - Led Policing

• Tom Baker
• October 20, 2014
• Biometrics Biostatistics Conference
• Baltimore, Maryland

Baker Associates International Consultants
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This Could Be A Gang Anywhere

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Biometrics

• From the Greek
• Bio (life) metric or metry (to measure)

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Chaotic Morphogenesis

• From the Greek
• Chaotic (disorder/confusion)
• Morpho (form/shape)
• Genesis (origin)

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Verification or Identification

• Verification (11) one-to-one
• Identification (1N) one-to-many

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Fingerprints the oldest biometric

• 6000 BC by Assyrians, Babylonians, Japanese,
  Chinese
• 1858 by English in India, Sir William Herschel
• 1890s Alphonse Bertillon, Paris Police
  Bertillonage

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Fingerprints the oldest biometric

• 1890s Sir Francis Galtons details (minutia)
• 1890s Sir Edward R Henry (classification)
• 1904 Leavenworth and St. Louis PD, which leads
  to the foundation of the FBI files (1924), then
• 1999 The FBIs IAFIS goes online

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AFIS- Automated Fingerprint Identification System

• IAFIS - FBIs Integrated Automated Fingerprint
  Identification System

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Fingerprints Enrollment

• Rolled Fingerprints Ten
• rolled prints still are the
• Gold Standard
• Single-finger flats
• used in verification (11)
• Slaps Most often four
• fingers together

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Latents or Latent Prints

• Also known as Markings or Tracings Valuable
  to Law enforcement,
• only possible with fingerprints.

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Palm Prints

• Approached the same as fingerprints
• 30 or more of latents at crime scenes are palms

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Palm Prints

• Already in NAFIS Australias national system
• Part of IDENT1 in the UK
• A key initiative in the FBIs NGI - Next
  Generation Identification

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Recognition

• From the Latin
• again and to Know

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Facial Recognition

• Advantages

• Disadvantages

• Can be obtained covertly
• Therefore potential for Law Enforcement
  identification (1N).
• Only biometric suitable for surveillance

• Not nearly as accurate as fingerprints - Yet.
• Ideally, images need to be updated.
• Sensitive to variations in pose angle,
  illumination, facial expression

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Different methods used in Facial Recognition

• Eigenfaces (spectral decomposition)
• EBGM (Elastic Bunch
• Graph Matching)
• Support Vector Machines
• (texture mapping)

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Different methods used in Facial Recognition

• LFA (Local Feature Analysis)- different areas of
  the face
• Facial Thermography or thermal imaging
• Ear Shape Shape of outer ear
• Eigenhead Shape of head (often in 3D)

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IRIS Recognition

• Iris the colored ring surrounding the pupil
• Like fingerprints, formed in the womb after
  conception- even twins have different iris
  characteristics

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From "HYMN" by Francis Giacobetti From the left
of photo Francis Crick (Biophysician, UK),
Louise Bourgeois (Sculptor, USA), Garcia Marquez
(Novelist, Columbia),Ieoh Ming Pei (Architect,
USA), Woody Allen (Actor/Director, USA)
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Verification or Identification

• Verification (11) one-to-one
• Identification (1N) one-to-many

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IRIS Recognition

• Works in identification (1N) as well as
  Verification (11)
• However, not yet useful in surveillance

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Retinal Scan

• 1930s found that blood patterns in the back of
  the eye are unique to each individual
• Small, internal to eye, thus difficult to image
• Difficult to fool (spoof) or to replicate
• Used in high end security situations (11)
• Very difficult to use

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Hand Geometry

• Used for access control (11)
• Hand Geometry only
• Not palm or fingerprints
• Limits hands are not highly distinctive

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Other Biometrics

• Skin Texture
• Vein Patten
• Finger Geometry
• Ear shape
• Speaker
• Keystroke

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Even More Remote

• Body Odor
• Body Salinity
• Lips
• Fingernails
• Gait (Walk)

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DNAdeoxyribonucleic acid

• Not exactly a biometric Requires a sample
• Not done in real time Not yet

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DNAdeoxyribonucleic acid

• Formed at conception Identical twins have the
  same
• Very accurate, but requires an expert
• NAFIS (Australian System) maintains DNA files
  along side fingerprint and palm files

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Testing Organizations

• NIST - National Institute of Standards and
  Technology Part of US Commerce Department has
  tested at FBI IAFIS
• NBSP National Biometric Security Project
  independent non-profit an Underwriters
  Laboratory for biometrics
• TNO TPD Part of the Netherlands Organization
  for Applied Scientific Research

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Privacy Considerations

• OECD Guidelines Protection of Privacy and
  Trans-border Flow of Personal Data Guidelines -
  issued on September 23, 1980
• EU Data Protection Directive (95/46/EC) Passed
  by the Parliament and Council on October 24, 1998
  the Privacy Directive
• U.K. Data Protection Act of 1998
• USA The 4th, 5th, and 14th Amendments

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Trends

• Facial increased investigative use
• Palms - increased investigative use and inclusion
  in national AFISs
• Multi-modal two or more biometrics in same
  application - inclusion in national AFISs
• Need for increased international cooperation and
  exchange (or cross searching)

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Questions / Contact

•   Tom Baker
•   1-703-470-0090
•   BakeAssociates_at_aol.com