10th Lesson

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10th Lesson

• By Christos N. Hadjichristidis

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Todays Attractions

• ?fe??? ?????? ?? ? ?est??. ??t?? ?t? ???a??? e?,
  ?a? ??te ?est?? ??te ??????, µ???? se ?µ?sa? ??
  t?? st?µat?? µ??. (I would thou wert cold or
  hot. So then because thou art lukewarm, and
  neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my
  mouth ) ST. JOHN'S REVELATION - 3
• Review of the Similarities Differences between
  Greek and English Grammar. Put it all together!
• Review on Greek language basic features
• Asking whats on the menu and ordering Greek food
  and drink
• Telling the time in Greek
• Asking about public transport, finding out travel
  times and checking travel details
• Watch a relevant movie in Greek
• Practise ordering Greek food drinks at Simply
  Greek!

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Punctuation Greek mark English mark
Full stop (te?e?a) . .
Comma (??µµa) , ,
Raised point -semicolon (??? te?e?a) ?
Colon (d?p?? ??? ?a? ??t? te?e?a)
Question mark (e??t?µat???) ?
Exclamation mark (?a?µast???) ! !
Parentheses (pa?e???se??) ( ) ( )
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The stress-mark

• The stress mark (?) is used, in every word with
  more than one syllable (with few exceptions), to
  show the primary or main stressed syllable in the
  word.
• Some simple rules
• 1. The stress mark always falls on one of the
  vowels and never on a consonant
• 2. The stress mark is placed over the
  appropriate vowel if lower-case, and beside it if
  upper-case
• ? but ?, ? but ?, ? but ?, ? but ?, ? but ?,
  ? but ?
• 3. If a word is entirely in upper-case letters,
  the stress accent is omitted altogether. However,
  if a word stars with upper-case letter and
  lower-case letters follow then a stressed mark is
  required i.e.
• ???d?? but ?????S (Exit)
• Be careful sometimes the meaning of otherwise
  identical words is determined the position of the
  stress-mark i.e.
• ? ????? The old man, but ?e??? robust,
  able bodied

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Some useful observations

• In modern Greek all ?s and ?s have exactly the
  same pronunciation

Sound i as in machine o as in lot
Letter ? ?, ? ?, ? ? ? ?, O ?

• So why bother with so many different ?s ?s ?
• Well this has not always been the case. Indeed,
  in Ancient Greek each letter was pronounced
  differently ( ? as the French ê in tête, ? as
  short French u in lune, while ? as aw in saw
  or long o in go). In order to both preserve
  the beauty of the Greek Language and be able to
  trace modern words back to their ancient
  origins, we keep the different ?s and ?s even
  though we pronounce them in exactly the same way.
  

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Greek-English differences

• Consistency between spelling pronunciation of
  the Greek letters. Contrary to popular belief
  Greek is not a difficult language to speak,
  particularly at the beginners level. Unlike
  English, the same letter or combination of
  letters, is pronounced in exactly the same way
  wherever it occurs.

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Two letter vowels (diphthongs)
Letter Upper lower case Name of letter Greek Transliteration Name of letter Greek Transliteration Letter Sound Examples as in
??, a? ??fa ???ta álfa-yóta e set
??, e? ??????- ???ta épsilon- yóta ?/e machine/ these
??, ?? ?µ?????- ???ta ómikron- yóta i/e machine/ these
??, ?? ?µ?????- ?????? ómikron- ípsilon u/oo put/soon
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Two letter vowels (diphthongs)
Letter Upper lower case Name of letter Greek Transliteration Name of letter Greek Transliteration Letter Sound Examples as in
??, a? ??fa ?????? álfa-ípsilon af, ?,?,? after, p,s,f,?,?
??, a? ??fa ?????? álfa-ípsilon av ß,?,d, avenue ?,?,µ,?,?
??, e? ??????- ?????? épsilon- ípsilon ef ?,?,? effort p,s,f,?,?
??, e? ??????- ?????? épsilon- ípsilon ev ß,?,d, ever ?,?,µ,?,?
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Double-vowels are pronounced separately if

• A diaeresis diacritic (i.e. ) falls upon the
  second of the two adjacent vowels (i.e. ?a?d????
  donkey gen.).
• An accent falls upon the first of the two
  adjacent vowels (i.e. ???da??? donkey nom).
• However, if the accent falls upon the second of
  the two adjacent vowels then a diaeresis is
  needed in order for the vowels to be pronounced
  separately! (i.e. ?a??? wooden boat, ketch).

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Lets Practice try to pronounce the following
words
Greek word Meaning Transliteration
e?t??pe??? facetious
??ß??a
e?f??? bright - clever
?e???? divine
???da??? donkey
pa?? cease
????et? adopt
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Two-letters consonants (double sounds)
Letter Upper lower case Name of letter Greek Transliteration Name of letter Greek Transliteration Letter Sound Examples as in
?? (???eµ?? ??????) G?µa- ??pa gháma- kápa g/ ng go/ England
?p (?pa???? ?µp???) µ? p? mi pi b/ mp Boy/ amber
?t (?t??? p??te) ??- ta? ni- táf d/ nd day/ end
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Some useful observations

• In Greek a noun (i.e. the word Canadian in the
  phrase I am Canadian) has to be written
  differently when it denotes different gender
• ??µa? ?a?ad?? I am Canadian (man)
  
• ??µa? ?a?ad??a I am Canadian (woman)
• That means that Greek nouns are inflected for
  gender
• In Greek a noun has to be written also
  differently when is being used as an object than
  as a subject
• ??µa? ap? t?? ?a?ad? I am from Canada
• ? ?a?ad?? e??a? ? pat??da µ?? Canada is my
  homeland
• That means that Greek nouns are inflected for
  case also
• In Greek a noun is almost always preceded by an
  article (the). The noun and the preceding
  article have to agree in gender, case and number.

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Differences between Greek-English languages
continued..

• In Greek almost all words within a noun phrase
  (noun, article, adjective, pronoun) are
  declinable in gender, number and case. In English
  this happens only with the pronouns!
• She went to the store. The clerk greeted her and
  handed over a small package. The new camera was
  hers at last!
• Moreover, within a noun phrase all other
  declinable words must agree with the noun in
  gender, number and case.

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How on Earth we can guess the gender of a given
Greek noun?

• Some tips
• All masculine nouns (nominative/singular) end in
  ?
• Almost all feminine nouns end in either a or ?
• Most neuter nouns end in ?, ?, or µa
• Of course, there are exceptions, and there are
  those words ending in ??, which can be of any
  gender.

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Differences between Greek- English

• The normal order of a sentence in Greek is like
  that in English subject, verb, object. There is
  no special tendency as in Latin to put the verb
  at the end. However, Greek can vary the order for
  purposes of emphasis or euphony much more freely
  than in English. For example
• ? ???st?? ??????e? t? ?a??a but also T?
  ?a??a ??????e? ? ???st??. (Christos chases
  Mary).
• Thus, when you translate from Greek you have to
  concentrate at the case of the noun (illustrated
  by its inflectional ending) rather than its order
  within the sentence.

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Differences between Greek- English

• You will be pleased to know that to ask questions
  in Greek there are no changes in word order as in
  English , such as you are are you?, or the
  addition of extra words (you love me do you
  love me?).
• You just have to remember that the pitch of your
  voice goes up
• E?sa? ???a?d?? means you are Irish when the pitch
  of your voice goes down at the end and are you
  Irish? when the pitch of your voice goes up at
  the end

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Personal Pronouns

• Personal pronouns (I, you, he, they) are used to
  refer to the three grammatical persons and are
  also part of the English verbs since they define
  who is doing or receiving the action. Even though
  Greek has equivalent corresponding words they are
  normally left out and mostly used only for
  emphasis
• (i.e. ?s?, t? ???e?? ed? You and nobody
  else!, what are you doing here)

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Differences between Greek- English

• While in English the personal pronoun is always
  used together with the verb in order to
  distinguish the person that it is referring to,
  in Greek this is not necessary.
• The ending of the verb itself differs from the
  first person to the second and so on, and this
  indicates whether the speaker is referring to
  himself or herself, or to another person or
  persons

Sg. 1 e?µa? I am
Sg. 2 e?sa? you are
Sg. 3 e??a? (s)he/it is
Pl. 1 e?µaste we are
Pl. 2 e?ste You are
Pl. 2 e?saste You are
Pl. 3 e??a? they are
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Asking for something in a shop
Greek Pronunciation English
?? ???ete ?p??? ?a sa? ß????s? ???ste Ti thelete? Mporo na sas voithiso? Oriste? What do you want? Can I help you? Yes?
T??? ??a/µ?a thelo ena/mia .. I want a
??p?? ??ete Mipos echete Do you have?
?a?, ????µe Ne, echoume Yes, we have
??st???? µa? te?e??se/te?e??sa? THistichos, mas teliose/teliosan Unfortunately, we have not any/have sold out
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Saying how much you want
Greek Pronunciation English
??s?/??sa ???ete Poso/Posa thelete How much/many do you want?
T??? ??a ???? ?t?µ?te? thelo ena kilo domates I want a kilo of tomatoes
T??? µ?s? ???? fas?????a thelo miso kilo fasolakia I want half a kilo of green beans
T??? ??a t?ta?t? e???? thelo ena tetarto elies I want a quarter of a kilo of olives
T??? tet?a??s?a pe???ta ??aµµ???a ?eµ???a thelo tetrakosia peninda gramaria lemonia I want 450g of lemons
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Saying how much you want
Greek Pronunciation English
T??? thelo I want
??a pa??t? µp?s??ta/ ß??t??? ena paketo biskota/ vutiro (vootiro) a packet of biscuits/ butter
µ?a f?a?t???a ??µ? mia frantzola psomi a loaf of bread
??a ??µµ?t? t??? ena komati tiri a piece of cheese
??a µp?????? ?e?? ena bukali (bookali) nero a bottle of water
??a ß??? µ??? ena bazo meli a jar of honey
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Asking how much it costs?

• ??s? ???e? /??st??e? a?t? (poso kani/ kostizi
  afto?)
• How much is it?
• ???e? / ??st??e? 6 e??? (kani exi evro)
• Its 6 euros
• ??s? ??????(e) / ??st????? a?t? (poso kanune/
  kostizoon afta?)
• How much are they?
• ??????(e) / ??st????? 8 e??? ?a? 50 ?ept? (kanune
  ochto evro ke peninda lepta)
• They are 8 euros and 50.

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Money matters!
Greek Pronunciation English
?a ???µata / ?eft? Ta chrimata / lefta Money
?? e??? To evro Euro
?? ?ept? To lepto Cent
?a ???µata Ta kermata Coins
?a ?a?t???µ?sµata Ta chartonomismata Paper money
?a ???? / ??sta Ta psila / resta Change
The current (20/06/2005) exchange rate is 1.00
EUR 0.667 GBP or 1 GBP 1.499 EUR
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Telling the time in Greek

• Telling the time is not difficult. You just have
  to remember that in Greek we put first the hour
  and then the minutes
• ten (minutes) past five
• ???te ?a? d??a (?ept?)
• When telling the time, the numbers 1,3,4 change
  to 1-gt µ?a, 3 -gt t?e??, 4 -gt t?sse???

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Essential telling the time Vocabulary
p??te 5 ??a hour
d??a 10 ??e? hours
e???s? 20 ?ept? minute
e???s? p??te 25 ?ept? minutes
?a? past pµ am
pa?? to µµ pm
?a? t?ta?t? quarter past a???ß?? exactly/sharp
pa?? t?ta?t? quarter to ????? early
?a? µ?s? half past a??? late
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Asking for the time
Greek Transliteration English
?? ??a e??a? ti ora ine? What time is it?
??ete ??a echete ora? Do you have the time?
?p??e?te ?a µ?? pe?te t?? ??a mporite na mu pite tin ora? Can you tell me the time?
???ete t? ??a e??a? xerete ti ora ine Do you know what time is it?
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?a?? ta??d? (Bon voyage) Means of transportation
Greek Pronunciation English
T? ?a??ß? To karavi The boat
?? ae??p???? To aeroplano The aeroplane
?? t?a??? To treno The train
?? ?e?f??e?? To leoforeeo The bus
?? p???µa? To pulman/poolman The coach
?? de?f??? To THelfini Flying dolphin
?? e?s?t???? To isitirio The ticket
?p??/µe ep?st??f? Aplo / me epistrofi Single / return
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Finding out travel times
Greek Pronunciation English
?? ??a fe??e? t? ?e?f??e?? Ti ora fevgi to leoforeeo What time does the bus lives?
?? ?e?f??e?? fe??e? st?? ??? t? p??? / se µ?a ??a To leoforeeo fevgi stis eksi / se mia ora The bus leaves at 6 in the morning/ in one hour
??s? ??a d?a??e? t? ta??d? Posi oraTHiarki to taksiTHi How long does the journey take?
(?? ta??d?) d?a??e? t?e?? ??e? (To taksiTHi) THiarki tris ores It takes 3 hours
?? ??a ft??e? t? ?a??ß? Ti ora ftani to karavi? What time does the boat arrive?
?? ?a??ß? ft??e? st?? ept? t? ß??d? to karavi ftani stis epta The boat arrives at 7 in the evening
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Buying Tickets
Greek Pronunciation English
??te fe??e? t? ?a??ß? ??a t?? ???? Pote fevgi to karavi gia thn Tzia? When does the boat for Tzia leave?
Fe??e? (??a t?? ????) st?? d??a t? p??? Fevgi (gia tin Tzia) stis THeka to proi It leaves (for Tzia) at 10 in the morning
T??? ??a e?s?t???? pa?a?a?? Thelo ena isitirio parakalo I want one ticket please
?p?? ? µe ep?st??f?? Aplo i me epistrofi Single or return?
?e ep?st??f? pa?a?a??. ??s? ???e? Me epistrofi parakalo. Poso kanei? Return please. How much is it?
????s? e???. ???ste Ikosi evro. Oriste 20. Here you are
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Learner A gives the prompts by starting the
dialogue and learner B has to choose which of the
responses on his/her card is appropriate.
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?a?? ??e??

• The waiter might say

Greek Pronunciation English
?? ???ete Ti thelete? What do you want?
?? ?a p??ete Ti tha parete? What will you take?
?a?a?a?? ???ste Parakalo? Oriste? Please? Yes?
?? ?a f?te ?? ?a p?e?te Ti tha fate Ti tha pyeete What will you eat? What will you drink?
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?a?? ??e??

• You might say

Greek Pronunciation English
T??? T????µe Thelo Theloumay I want We want
Ta p??? Ta p????µe Tha paro Tha paroumay I will take We will take
??? ?at????? pa?a?a?? Ton katalogo parakalo The menu please
?? ??ete ??p?? ??ete Ti echete? Mipos echete? What do you have? I wonder if you have?
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Places to eat
Greek Pronunciation English
?aß???a ?st?at???? Taverna Estiatorio Tavern Restaurant
?a??taß???a Psarotaverna Fish tavern
??sta??? Psistaria Grills
?e?ed?p??e?? mezeTHopolio Tavern offering a plethora of appetizers
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Understanding a Greek menu
Greek Pronunciation English
??e?t??? Orektika Starters
??? ??a? Ths oras Dishes cooked to order
??t? Psita Grills
Sa??te? Salates Salads
G???? Glika Desserts
??ast-??(-?,-?) Vrast-os(i,o) Boiled
???a??t-??(-?,-?) Tiganitos(i,o) Fried
??as?t-??(-?,-?) Krasat-os(i,o) In wine
Geµ?st-??(-?,-?) Gemistos(i,o) Stuffed
St? f????? Sto fourno Baked
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??e?t???
Greek Pronunciation English
??at???? tzatziki Yoghurt-cucumber dip
?a?aµ?sa??ta taramosalata taramasalata
?e??t?a??sa??ta melitzanosalata Aubergine dip
?a?aµa????a Kalamarakia Squid
F?ta Feta Feta cheese
Sa?a???? Saganaki Fried cheese
Ga??de? sa?a???? gariTHes saganaki Fried shrimps
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??e?t???
Greek Pronunciation English
?t??µ?de? dolmaTHes Rice or rice and minced meat wrapped in vine leaves
????????? ?????t??? Loukaniko choriatiko Spiced sausage
G??a?te? Gigantes Beans (big)
?e??t???e? t??a??t?? Melitzanes gemistes Fried aubergine
?at?te? t??a??t?? Patates tiganites French fries
???????a Pikilia Assorted appetizers
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??? ??a?
Greek Pronunciation English
?p?????a (µ?s?a??s?a/???????) Brizola (moscharisia/chirini) Steak (veal, pork)
S??ß????a Souvlakia Chunks of pork on a skewer
?eft?de? KefteTHes Grilled meat balls
????????a Loukanika Sausages
?a?d???a PaiTHakia Lamb chops
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??µ?de? (minced meat dishes)
Greek Pronunciation English
???sa??? Mousakas Layers of aubergine, potatoes and minced meat topped with béchamel sauce
?ast?ts?? Pastitsio As above but with spaghetti instead of aubergine
?a?a????a µe ??µ? Makaronia me kima Spaghetti with mince
?t?µ?te? ?eµ?st?? Domates gemistes Tomatoes stuffed with rice and minced meat
??pe???? ?eµ?st?? Piperies gemistes Green peppers stuffed with rice and minced meat
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Sa??te?
Greek Pronunciation English
?????t??? sa??ta Choriatiki salata Greek salad (lit villagers salad)
???a?? Lachano Cabbage
?a????? Marouli Lettuce
??????? Angouri Cucumber
????sa??ta Tonosalata Tuna salad
?p???? Epochis Season Salad
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Try to repeat and translate the following dialogue

• Waiter ?a??µ??a sa?
• You Ge?a sa?. ??? ?at????? pa?a?a??
• Waiter ???ste. ?? ?a p?e?te
• You ??a µp?????? ??????? ??as?, d?? µp??e?, ??a
  ?a?af??? ???? ?a? ??a µp?????? eµf?a??µ??? ?e??
  pa?a?a??.
• Waiter????sta, t? ?a f?te
• You ??a t???sa??ta, ??a µ??sa??, µ?a ???a?te?
  ?a? d?? s??ß????a pa?a?a??
• Waiter?µ?s?? .. ???ste, ?a?? ??e??
• .. After the meal ..
• You ?a sa? p????s?
• Waiter????sta. ?e???ta t?sse?a e??? pa?a?a??
• You ???ste e???ta. ??at?ste ta ??sta. ?ta? p???
  ??st?µa
• WaiterSa? e??a??st? p???. Ge?a sa?.