Spread of Civilizations in East Asia

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Spread of Civilizations in East Asia

• Lesson 1-3

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The Spread of Civilizations in East Asia

• Lesson 1 Sui, Tang, and Song China
• Lesson 2 - The Mongol and Ming Empires
• Lesson 3a - The Emergence of Japan
• Lesson 3b - Japans Feudal Age

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Lesson 1Sui, Tang, and Song China
1

• Explain how Tang and Song rulers ensured Chinese
  unity and prosperity
• Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
  traditions
• Identify the literary and artistic achievements
  of Tang and Song China

4
Explain how Tang and Song rulers ensured Chinese
unity and prosperity

• After the Han Dynasty collapsed in 220, China
  remained divided for nearly 400 years.
• Yet China escaped the decay that disrupted
  Western Europe after the fall of Rome.
• Farm production expanded and technology slowly
  improved.

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Explain how Tang and Song rulers ensured Chinese
unity and prosperity

• Buddhism spread, while learning and the arts
  continued.
• Even Chinese cities survived.
• Although invaders stormed northern China, they
  often adopted Chinese civilization rather than
  demolishing it.

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Explain how Tang and Song rulers ensured Chinese
unity and prosperity

• Meanwhile, various dynasties rose and fell in the
  south. During the brief Sui dynasty (589-618),
  the emperor Sui Wen Ti reunited the north and
  south.
• But China was not restored to its earlier glory
  until the emergence of the Tang Dynasty in 618.

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85. Sui Wen Ti

• Chinese emperor
• Re-unified China in the 6th century

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Explain how Tang and Song rulers ensured Chinese
unity and prosperity

• The first Tang emperor, Li Yuan, was a general
  under the Sui dynasty.
• When the Sui began to crumble , his ambitious
  16-year-old-son Li Shimin, urged him to lead a
  revolt.
• Father and son crushed all rivals and established
  the Tang dynasty.

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Explain how Tang and Song rulers ensured Chinese
unity and prosperity

• Eight years later, Li Shimin compelled his aging
  father to step down and mounted the throne
  himself, taking the name Tang Taizong.
• Brilliant general, government reformer,
  historian, and master of the calligraphy brush ,
  Tang Taizong would become Chinas most admired
  emperor.

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Li Yuan(L)Tang Taizong(R)
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Explain how Tang and Song rulers ensured Chinese
unity and prosperity

• Later Tang rulers carried empire building to new
  heights, conquering territories deep into Central
  Asia.
• Chinese armies forced the neighboring lands of
  Vietnam, Tibet, and Korea to become tributary
  states.
• That is, while these states remained independent,
  their rulers had to acknowledge Chinese supremacy
  and send regular tribute to the Tang emperor.
• At the same time, students from Korea and Japan
  traveled to the Tang capital to learn about
  Chinese government, law, and arts.

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Tang rulers, such as Empress Wu Zhao, helped
restore the Han system of uniform government
throughout China.
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Explain how Tang and Song rulers ensured Chinese
unity and prosperity

• They rebuilt the bureaucracy and enlarged the
  civil service system to recruit talented
  officials trained in Confucian philosophy.
• They also set up schools to prepare male students
  for the exams and developed a flexible new law
  code.

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Vairocana Buddha, disciples, and bodhisattvas
Longmen Caves (China) Tang Dynasty A.D. 675
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Explain how Tang and Song rulers ensured Chinese
unity and prosperity

• Tang emperors instituted a system of land reform.
  
• That is, they broke up large agricultural
  holdings and redistributed the land to peasants.
• This policy strengthened the central government
  by weakening the power of large land owners.
• It also increased government revenues since the
  peasants who farmed their own land would be able
  to pay taxes.

17
Explain how Tang and Song rulers ensured Chinese
unity and prosperity

• Under the Tang, a system of canals encouraged
  internal trade and transportation.
• The Grand Canal linked the Huang He to the Yangzi
  River.
• As a result, food growth in the south could be
  shipped to the capital in the north.
• At the time, the Grand Canal was the longest
  waterway ever dug by human labor.

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Explain how Tang and Song rulers ensured Chinese
unity and prosperity

• Like earlier dynasties, the Tang eventually
  weakened.
• Later Tang emperors lost territories in Central
  Asia to the Arabs.
• Corruption, high taxes, drought, famine, and
  rebellions all contributed to the downward swing
  of the dynastic cycle.
• In 907, a rebel general overthrew the last Tang
  emperor .
• This time, however, the chaos following the
  collapse of a dynasty did not last long.

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Explain how Tang and Song rulers ensured Chinese
unity and prosperity

• In 960, a scholarly general reunited much of
  China and founded the Song Dynasty.
• The Song ruled 319 years , slightly longer then
  the Tang however, the Song controlled less
  territory than the Tang.
• In addition, the Song faced the constant threat
  of invaders in the north.
• In the early 1100s, the battered Song retreated
  south of the Huang He. There, the Southern Song
  continued to rule for another 150 years.

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Explain how Tang and Song rulers ensured Chinese
unity and prosperity

• Despite military setbacks, the Song period was
  golden age.
• Chinese wealth and culture dominated East Asia
  even when its armies did not.
• Under the Song, the Chinese economy expanded .
• The center of farming shifted from the fields of
  the north to the rice paddies of the Yangzi in
  the south.
• New strains of rice and improved irrigation
  methods helped peasants produce two rice crops a
  year.
• The rise in productivity created surpluses,
  allowing more people to purchase commerce,
  learning, or the arts.

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Who would you want as the ruler of your country?
Why?

• Sui Wen Ti Reunified China in 6th century
• Li Yuan- First Emperor of Tang
• Tang Taizong Brilliant general, historian, and
  master of Calligraphy.
• Empress Wu Zhao- Restored uniform government
  throughout China

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Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions
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Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions

• Under the Tang and Song, China was a well-ordered
  society.
• At its head was the emperor , whose court was
  filled with aristocratic families.
• The court supervised a huge bureaucracy, from
  which officials fanned out to every part of
  China.
• Aside from the court, Chinas two main social
  classes were the gentry and the peasantry.

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Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions

• Most scholar-officials at court came from the
  gentry, or wealthy landowning class.
• They alone could afford to spend years studying
  the Confucian classics in order to pass the
  grueling civil service exam.
• When not in government service the gentry often
  served in the provinces as allies of the
  emperors officials.

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Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions

• The Song scholar-gentry valued learning more then
  physical labor.
• They supported a revival of Confucian thought.
• New schools of Confucian philosophers emphasized
  social order based on duty, rank, and proper
  behavior.
• Although corruption and greed existed among civil
  servants, the ideal Confucian official was a wise
  virtuous scholar who knew how to ensure harmony
  in society.

29
Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions

• Most Chinese were peasants who worked the land,
  living on what they produced.
• Drought and famine were a constant threat, but
  new tools and crops did improve the lives of many
  peasants.
• To add to their income, some families produced
  handicrafts such as baskets or embroidery.
• They carried these products to nearby market
  towns to sell or trade for salt, tea, or iron
  tools.

30
Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions

• Peasants lived in small, largely self-sufficient
  villages that managed their own affairs.
• Heaven is high, noted one Chinese saying, and
  the emperor far away.
• Peasants relied on one another rather than the
  government.
• When disputes arose, a village leader and council
  of elders put pressure on the parties to resolve
  the problem.
• Only if such efforts failed did villagers take
  their disputes to the emperors court
  representative.

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Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions

• In China, even peasants could move up in society
  through education and government service.
• If a bright peasant boy received an education and
  passed the civil service examinations, both he
  and his family rose in status.

32
Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions

• In market towns and cities, some merchants
  acquired vast wealth.
• Still, according to Confucian tradition,
  merchants had and even lower social status that
  peasants because their riches came from the labor
  of others.
• An ambitious merchant therefore might buy land
  and educate at least one son to enter the ranks
  of the scholar-gentry.

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Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions

• The Confucian attitude toward merchants affected
  economic policy.
• Some rulers favored commerce but sought to
  control it.
• They often restricted where foreign merchants
  could live and even limited the activities of
  private traders.
• Still, Chinese trade flourished during Song times.

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Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions

• Women had higher status in Tang and early Song
  times than they did later.
• Within the home, women were called upon to run
  family affairs.
• Wives and mothers-in-law had great authority,
  managing servants and family finances.

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Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions

• Still, families valued boys more highly than
  girls.
• When a young woman married, she completely became
  a part of her husbands family.
• She could not keep her dowry and could never
  remarry.

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Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions

• Womens subordinate position was reinforced in
  late Song times when the custom of footbinding
  emerged.
• The custom probably began at the imperial court
  but later spread to the lower classes.
• The feet of young girls were bound with long
  strips of cloth, producing a lily-shaped foot
  about half the size of a foot that was allowed to
  grow normally.
• Tiny feet and a stilted walk became a symbol of
  nobility and beauty.

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Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions

• Footbinding was extremely painful.
• Yet the custom survived and in time spread to
  lower classes.
• Even peasant parents feared that they could not
  find a husband for a daughter with large feet.

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Describe how Chinese society reflected Confucian
traditions

• Not all girls in China had their feet bound.
• Peasants who needed their daughters to work in
  the fields din not accept the practice.
• Yet most women did have to submit to footbinding.
  
• Women with bound feet often could not walk
  without help.
• Thus, footbinding reinforced the Confucian
  tradition that women should remain inside the
  home.

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QuickWrite Exercise

• Take an Index Card
• This exercise will last 2-3minutes.
• When I say begin imagine you had only a few
  minutes to tell AO about Ancient China before he
  disappears into a time machine. Summarize what
  you have learned today about society and
  Confucian tradition.
• You will turn these cards in before leaving.

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Constructed Response Practice

• Read the document about Sun Wei Ti
• Focus on his achievement of re-uniting China
• Break into groups and discuss the main evidence
  to answer the question.
• Write your own thesis statement.

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Identify the literary and artistic achievements
of Tang and Song China
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Identify the literary and artistic achievements
of Tang and Song China

• A prosperous economy supported the rich culture
  of Tang and Song China.
• The splendid palaces of the emperors were long
  ago destroyed, but many paintings, statues,
  temples, and ceramics have survived.

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Identify the literary and artistic achievements
of Tang and Song China

• Along with poetry, painting and calligraphy were
  essential skills for the scholar-gentry.
• In both of these crafts, artists sought balance
  and harmony through the mastery of simple strokes
  and lines.
• The Song period saw the triumph of Chinese
  landscape painting.
• Steeped in the Daoist tradition, painters sought
  to capture the spiritual essence of the natural
  world.
• When you are planning to paint, instructed a
  Song artist. you must always create a harmonious
  relationship between heaven and earth.

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Travelers among Mountains and Streams Fan Kuan
(11th century)Northern Song Period
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Identify the literary and artistic achievements
of Tang and Song China

• Misty mountains and delicate bamboo forests
  dominated Chinese landscapes.
• Yet Chinese painters also produced realistic,
  vivid portraits of emperors or lively scenes of
  city life.

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(detail from) The Thirteen Emperors
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Identify the literary and artistic achievements
of Tang and Song China

• Buddhist themes dominated sculpture and
  influenced Chinese architecture.
• The Indian stupa evolved into the graceful
  Chinese pagoda, a multistoried temple with eaves
  that curve at the corners.
• Chinese sculptors created striking statues of the
  Buddha.
• These statues created such a strong impression
  that, today, many people picture the Buddha as a
  Chinese god rather than an Indian holy man.

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Adventure Owl

• Video

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Foguang Si Pagoda (1056)
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Identify the literary and artistic achievements
of Tang and Song China

• The Chinese perfected skills in making porcelain,
  a shiny, hard pottery that was prized as the
  finest in the world.
• They developed beautiful glazes to decorate
  vases, tea services, and other objects that
  westerners would later call chinaware.
• Artists also produced porcelain figures of
  neighing camels, elegant court ladies playing
  polo, and bearded foreigners fresh from their
  travels on the Silk Road.

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High shoulder shape (meiping)Northern Song
(12th century)Stoneware, Cizhou type with
sgraffitto decoration
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Identify the literary and artistic achievements
of Tang and Song China

• Prose and poetry flowed from the brushes of Tang
  and Song writers.
• Scholars produced works on philosophy, history,
  and religion.
• Short stories that often blended fantasy,
  romance, and adventure made their first
  appearance in Chinese literature.

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Identify the literary and artistic achievements
of Tang and Song China

• Still, among the gentry, poetry was the most
  respected form of Chinese literature.
• Confucian scholars were expected to master the
  skills of poetry.
• We know the names of some 200 major and 400 minor
  Tang and Song poets.
• Their works touched on Buddhist and Daoist themes
  as well as on social issues.
• Many poems reflected on the shortness of life and
  the immensity of the universe.

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Identify the literary and artistic achievements
of Tang and Song China

• Probably the greatest Tang poet was Li Bo.
• A zestful lover of life and freedom, he spent
  most of his life moving from place to place.
• He wrote some 2,000 poems celebrating harmony
  with nature or lamenting the passage of time.
• A popular legend says that Li Bo drowned when he
  tried to embrace the reflection of the moon in
  the lake.

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Li Bo
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• When realistic and less romantic were the poems
  of Li Bos friend Du Fu.
• His verses described the horrors of war or
  condemned the lavishness of the court.

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• A later poet, Li Qingzhao, described the
  experience of women left behind when a loved one
  goes off to war.
• Her poems reflect a time when invasion threatened
  to bring the brilliant Song dynasty to an end.

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Comparing Exercise

1. How are these two art pieces similar? 2. How
are they different? 3. Which looks to be older?
4. Which would you buy for your home?
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Lesson 2 Mongol and Ming China
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Lesson 2Mongol and Ming China
2

• Describe how the Mongols conquered and ruled a
  huge empire
• Summarize the effects of Mongol rule on China
• Explain how the Ming restored Chinese rule
• Outline what policies the Ming pursued with
  regard to the outside world

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Describe how the Mongols conquered and ruled a
huge empire
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Describe how the Mongols conquered and ruled a
huge empire

• The Mongols were a nomadic people who grazed
  their horses and sheep on the steppes of Central
  Asia.
• Rival Mongol clans spent much of their time
  warring with one another.
• In the early 1200s, however, a brilliant Mongol
  chieftain united these warring tribes.

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Describe how the Mongols conquered and ruled a
huge empire

• This chieftain took the name Genghis Khan,
  meaning World Emperor.
• Under his leadership, Mongol forces triumphantly
  conquered a vast empire that stretched from the
  Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe.

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Describe how the Mongols conquered and ruled a
huge empire

• Genghis Khan imposed strict military discipline
  and demanded absolute loyalty.
• His highly trained, mobile armies had some of the
  most skilled horsemen in the world.
• Genghis Khan had a reputation for fierceness. He
  could order the massacre of an entire city.
• Yet he also could be generous, rewarding the
  bravery of a single fighter.

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29 - Genghis Khan

• Mongol emperor
• Established the Mongol Empire
• Had many influential descendants

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Describe how the Mongols conquered and ruled a
huge empire

• Mongol armies conquered the Asian steppe lands
  with some ease, but as they turned on China, they
  faced the problem of attacking walled cities.
• Chinese and Turkish military experts taught them
  to use cannons and other new weapons.
• The Mongols and Chinese launched missiles against
  each other from metal tubes filled with
  gunpowder.
• This use of cannons in warfare would soon spread
  westward to Europe.

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Describe how the Mongols conquered and ruled a
huge empire

• Genghis Khan did not live to complete the
  conquest of China.
• His heirs, however, continued to expand the
  Mongol empire.
• For the next 150 years, they dominated much of
  Asia.

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Describe how the Mongols conquered and ruled a
huge empire

• Once conquest was completed, the Mongols were not
  oppressive rulers.
• Often, they allowed conquered people to live much
  as they had beforeas long as they regularly paid
  tribute to the Mongols.

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Describe how the Mongols conquered and ruled a
huge empire

• Genghis Khan had set an example for his
  successors by ruling conquered lands with
  toleration and justice.
• Although the Mongol warrior had no use for city
  life, he respected scholars, artists, and
  artisans.
• He listened to the ideas of Confucians,
  Buddhists, Christians, Muslims, Jews and
  Zoroastrians.

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Describe how the Mongols conquered and ruled a
huge empire

• In the 1200s and 1300s, the sons and grandsons of
  Genghis Khan established peace and order within
  their domains.
• Today, many historians refer to this period of
  order as the Pax Mongolica, or Mongol Peace.

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Describe how the Mongols conquered and ruled a
huge empire

• Political stability set the stage for economic
  growth.
• Under the protection of the Mongols, who now
  controlled the great Silk Road, trade flourished
  across Eurasia.
• According to a contemporary, Mongol rule meant
  that people enjoyed such a peace that a man
  might have journeyed from the land of sunrise to
  the land of sunset with a golden platter upon his
  head without suffering the least violence from
  anyone.

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Describe how the Mongols conquered and ruled a
huge empire

• Cultural exchanges increased as foods, tools,
  inventions, and ideas spread along the protected
  trade routes.
• From China, the use of windmills and gunpowder
  moved westward into Europe.
• Techniques of papermaking reached the Middle
  East, and crops and trees from the Middle East
  were carried into East Asia.

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Narrative Activity

• Imagine you are a Mongol Warrior. Based on what
  you have learned, write a brief narrative
  describing one day of your life.

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Summarize the effects of Mongol rule on China
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Summarize the effects of Mongol rule on China

• Although Genghis Khan had subdued northern China,
  the Mongols needed nearly 70 more years to
  conquer the south.
• Genghis Khans grandson, Kublai Khan, finally
  toppled the last Song emperor in 1279.
• From his capital at Cambulac, present-day
  Beijing, Kublai Khan ruled all of China as well
  as Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam.

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Khublai Khan

• grandson of Genghis Khan, founded the Mongol, or
  Yuan, dynasty that ruled China from 1279 to 1368.
  

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Summarize the effects of Mongol rule on China

• Kublai Khan tried to prevent the Mongols from
  being absorbed into Chinese civilization as other
  conquerors of China had been.
• He decreed that only Mongols could serve in the
  military.
• He also reserved the highest government jobs for
  Mongols or for other non-Chinese officials whom
  he employed.
• Still, because there were too few Mongols to
  control so vast an empire, Kublai allowed Chinese
  officials to continue to rule in the provinces.

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Summarize the effects of Mongol rule on China

• Under Mongol rule, an uneasy mix of Chinese and
  foreign ways developed.
• Kublai adopted a Chinese name for his dynasty,
  the Yuan, and turned Cambulac into a Chinese
  walled city.
• At the same time, he had Arab architects design
  his palace, and many rooms reflected Mongol
  steppe dwellings.

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Summarize the effects of Mongol rule on China

• Kublai Khan was a capable but demanding emperor.
  
• He rebuilt and extended the Grand Canal to his
  new capital, though at a terrible cost in human
  lives.
• He also welcomed many foreigners to his court,
  including the African Muslim world traveler Ibn
  Battuta.

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Summarize the effects of Mongol rule on China

• The Italian merchant Marco Polo was one of many
  visitors to China during the Yuan dynasty.
• In 1271, Polo left Venice with his father and
  uncle. He crossed Persia and Central Asia to
  reach China.
• During his stay in China, he spent 17 years in
  Kublais service.
• He returned to Venice by sea after visiting
  Southeast Asia and India.

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Polo, Marco

• Italian trader and traveler, became famous for
  his travels in central Asia and China. He wrote
  a book that gave Europeans some of their earliest
  information about China,

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Summarize the effects of Mongol rule on China

• In his writings, Marco Polo left a vivid account
  of the wealth and splendor of China.
• He described the royal palace of Kublai Khan,
  with its walls covered with gold and silver and
  decorated with pictures of dragons and birds and
  horsemen and various breeds of beasts and scenes
  of battle.
• Polo also described Chinas efficient royal mail
  system, with couriers riding swift ponies along
  the empires well-kept roads.
• Furthermore, he reported that the city of
  Hangzhou was 10 or 13 times the size of Venice,
  one of Italys richest city-states.

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Summarize the effects of Mongol rule on China

• As long as the Mongol empire prospered, contacts
  between Europe and Asia continued.
• The Mongols tolerated a variety of beliefs. The
  pope sent Christian priests to China.
• Meanwhile, some Chinese products moved toward
  Europe.
• They included gunpowder, porcelain, and playing
  cards.

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Group ActivityFact War!!!!!

• Break into small groups and discuss what the top
  effect Mongol rule had on China. Base your
  discussion on what we have learned and feel free
  to debate CORRECTLY among your group.
• Once groups decide on their choice they should
  place that idea on a note card. The winning group
  will win a prize!
• I will be monitoring to make sure everyone
  participates.

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Explain how the Ming restored Chinese rule
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Explain how the Ming restored Chinese rule

• The Yuan dynasty declined after the death of
  Kublai Khan.
• Most Chinese despised the foreign Mongol rulers.
  
• Confucian scholars retreated into their own
  world, seeing little to gain from the barbarians.
  
• Heavy taxes, corruption, and natural disasters
  led to frequent uprisings.

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Explain how the Ming restored Chinese rule

• Finally, Zhu Yuanzhang (DZOO yoo ahn DZUHNG), a
  peasant leader, forged a rebel army that toppled
  the Mongols and pushed them back beyond the Great
  Wall.
• In 1368, he founded a new Chinese dynasty, which
  he called the Ming, meaning brilliant.

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Emperor Tai Zu, Zhu Yuanzhang, 1368 -- 1398,
Ming Dynasty
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Explain how the Ming restored Chinese rule

• Early Ming rulers sought to reassert Chinese
  greatness after years of foreign rule.
• The Ming restored the civil service system, and
  Confucian learning again became the road to
  success.
• The civil service exams became more rigorous
  than ever.
• A board of censors watched over the bureaucracy,
  rooting out corruption and disloyalty.

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Explain how the Ming restored Chinese rule

• Economically, Ming China was immensely
  productive.
• The fertile, well-irrigated plains of eastern
  China supported a population of more than 100
  million.
• In the Yangzi Valley, peasants produced huge rice
  crops.
• Better methods of fertilizing helped to improve
  farming.
• In the 1500s, new crops reached China from the
  Americas, especially corn and sweet potatoes.

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Forbidden City (Beijing)
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Ming Dynasty table
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Explain how the Ming restored Chinese rule

• Ming China also saw a revival of arts and
  literature.
• Ming artists developed their own styles of
  landscape painting and created brilliant blue and
  white porcelain.
• Ming vases were among the most valuable and
  popular Chinese products exported to the West.

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Temple Vase, Yuan Dynasty 1351
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Guan Yu Captures General Pang De Shang Xi
(1430)
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Lofty Mount Lu Shen Zhou (1467)
108
Explain how the Ming restored Chinese rule

• Confucian scholars continued to produce classical
  poetry.
• At the same time, new forms of popular
  literature, meant to be enjoyed by the common
  people, began to emerge.
• Ming writers composed novels, including The Water
  Margin, about an outlaw gang that tries to end
  injustice by corrupt officials.
• Ming writers also produced the worlds first
  detective stories.
• Performing artists developed a popular tradition
  of Chinese opera that combined music, dance, and
  drama.

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Activity

• On a separate sheet of paper please write a quick
  paragraph about one type of art we discussed that
  interests you. Please explain why.

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Outline what policies the Ming pursued with
regard to the outside world
111

• Early Ming rulers proudly sent Chinese fleets
  into distant waters.
• The most extraordinary of these overseas ventures
  were the voyages of the Chinese admiral Zheng He

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Outline what policies the Ming pursued with
regard to the outside world

• In 1405, Zheng He commanded the first of seven
  expeditions.
• He departed at the head of a fleet of 62 huge
  ships and hundreds of smaller ones, carrying a
  crew of more than 25,000 sailors.
• The largest ships measured 400 feet long.
• The goal of each expedition was to promote trade
  and collect tribute from lesser powers across the
  western seas.

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Outline what policies the Ming pursued with
regard to the outside world

• In the wake of the expeditions, Chinese merchants
  settled in Southeast Asian and Indian trading
  centers.
• The voyages also showed local rulers the power
  and strength of the Middle Kingdom.
• Many acknowledged the supremacy of the Chinese
  empire.

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Zheng He set up an engraved stone tablet listing
the dates, places, and achievements of his
voyages. The tablet proudly proclaimed that the
Ming had unified the seas and continents even
more than the Han and Tang had done The
countries beyond the horizon and from the ends of
the earth have all become subjectsWe have
crossed immense water spaces and have seen huge
waves like mountains rising sky-high, and we
have set eyes on barbarian regions far awaywhile
our sails loftily unfurled like clouds day and
night continued their course, crossing those
savage waves as if we were walking on a public
highway. --Zheng He, quoted in The True
Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions
in the Early Fifteenth Century (Duyvendak)
118
Outline what policies the Ming pursued with
regard to the outside world

• In 1433, the year Zheng He died, the Ming emperor
  suddenly banned the building of seagoing ships.
• Later, ships with more than two masts were
  forbidden.
• Zheng Hes huge ships were retired and rotted
  away.

119
Outline what policies the Ming pursued with
regard to the outside world

• However, some speculate that the fleets were
  costly and did not produce any profits.
• Also, Confucian scholars at court had little
  interest overseas ventures.
• To them, Chinese civilization was the most
  successful in the world.
• They wanted to preserve its ancient traditions,
  which they saw as the source of stability.
• In fact, such rigid loyalty to tradition would
  eventually weaken China and once again leave it
  prey to foreign domination.

120
Outline what policies the Ming pursued with
regard to the outside world

• Fewer than 60 years after China halted overseas
  expeditions, the explorer Christopher Columbus
  would sail west from Spain in search of a sea
  route to Asia.
• As you will see, this voyage made Spain a major
  power and had a dramatic impact on the entire
  world.
• We can only wonder how the course of history
  might have changed if the Chinese had continued
  the explorations they had begun under the Ming.

121
Activity

• Break into small groups and discuss what the
  world might be like if China had discovered the
  New World instead of Columbus. Come up with a
  great story and be prepared to tell me. Please
  use some facts from todays lesson.

122
Lesson 3a Emergence of Japan
4
123
Lesson 3aThe Emergence of Japan
4

• Identify the geographic features that influenced
  the early development of Japan
• Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
  Japanese traditions
• Describe the traditions that emerged at the Heian
  court

124
Identify the geographic features that influenced
the early development of Japan
125
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126
Identify the geographic features that influenced
the early development of Japan

• Japan is located on an archipelago, or chain of
  islands, about 100 miles off the Asian mainland
  and east of the Korean peninsula.
• Its four main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu,
  Kyushu, and Shikoku.

127
Identify the geographic features that influenced
the early development of Japan

• Japan is about the size of Montana, but four
  fifths of its land is too mountainous to farm.
• As a result, most people settled in narrow river
  valleys and along the coastal plains.
• A mild climate and sufficient rainfall, however,
  helped Japanese farmers make the most of the
  limited arable land.
• As in ancient Greece, the mountainous terrain at
  first was an obstacle to unity.

128
Identify the geographic features that influenced
the early development of Japan

• The surrounding seas have both protected and
  isolated Japan.
• It was close enough to the mainland to learn from
  Korea and China, but too far away for the Chinese
  to conquer.
• Japan thus had greater freedom to accept or
  reject Chinese influences than did other East
  Asian lands.
• As times, the Japanese sealed themselves off from
  foreign influences, choosing to go their own way.

129
Identify the geographic features that influenced
the early development of Japan

• The seas that helped Japan preserve its identity
  also served as trade routes.
• The Inland Sea was an especially important link
  among the various Japanese islands.
• The seas also offered plentiful food resources.
• The Japanese, like the Koreans, developed a
  thriving fishing industry.

130
Identify the geographic features that influenced
the early development of Japan

• Japan lies in a Pacific region known as the Ring
  of Fire, which also includes the Philippines,
  Indonesia, and parts of Australia and South
  America.
• This region is subject to frequent earthquakes
  and volcanoes.
• Underwater earthquakes can launch killer tidal
  waves, called tsunami, that sweep over the land
  without warning, wiping out everything in their
  path.

131
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132
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133
Identify the geographic features that influenced
the early development of Japan

• The Japanese came to fear and respect the
  dramatic forced of nature.
• Today, as in the past, soaring Mount Fuji, with
  its snowcapped volcanic crater, is a sacred
  symbol of the beauty and majesty of nature.

134
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135
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions
136
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• The people we know today as the Japanese probably
  migrated from the Asian mainland more than 2,000
  years ago.
• They slowly pushed the earlier inhabitants, the
  Ainu, onto the northernmost island of Hokkaido.

137
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138
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• Early Japanese society was divided into uji, or
  clans.
• Each uji had its own chief and a special god or
  goddess who was seen as the clans original
  ancestor.
• Some clan leaders were women, suggesting that
  women enjoyed a respected position in society.

139
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• By about A.D. 500, the Yamato clan came to
  dominate a corner of Honshu, the largest Japanese
  island.
• For the next 1,000 years, the Yamato set up
  Japans first and only dynasty.
• They claimed direct descent from the sun goddess,
  Amaterasu, and chose the rising sun as their
  symbol.
• Later Japanese emperors were revered as living
  gods.
• While this is no longer the case, the current
  Japanese emperor still traces his roots to the
  Yamato clan.

140
Amaterasu
141
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142
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• Early Japanese clans honored kami, or nature
  spirits.
• This worship of the forced of nature became known
  as Shinto, meaning the way of the gods.
• Shinto never evolved into an international
  religion like Christianity, Buddhism, or Islam.

143
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144
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• Still, its traditions have survived to the
  present day.
• Hundreds of Shinto shrines dot the Japanese
  countryside.
• Though simple in design, they are generally
  located in beautiful, natural surroundings.
• Shinto shrines are dedicated to special sites or
  objects such as mountains or waterfalls, ancient
  gnarled trees, or even oddly shaped rocks.

145
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146
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• The Japanese language is distantly related to
  Korean but completely different in Chinese.
• From early on, Japan and Korea were in continuous
  contact with each other.
• Korean artisans and metal workers settled in
  Japan, bringing sophisticated skill and
  technology.
• Japanese and Korean warriors crossed the sea in
  both directions to attack each others
  strongholds.
• Some of the leading families at the Yamato court
  claimed Korean ancestors.

147
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• By about A.D. 500, missionaries from Korea had
  introduced Buddhism to Japan.
• With it came knowledge of Chinese writing and
  culture.
• This opening sparked a sudden surge of Japanese
  interest in Chinese civilization.

148
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• In the early 600s, Prince Shotoku of the Yamato
  clan decided to learn about China directly
  instead of through Korean sources.
• He sent young nobles to study in China.
• Over the next 200 years, many Japanese students,
  monks, traders, and officials visited the Tang
  court.

149
Prince Shotoku
150
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• Each mission spent the year or more in
  China-negotiating, trading, but above all
  studying.
• They returned to Japan eager to spread Chinese
  thought, technology, and arts.
• They also imported Chinese ideas about
  government.

151
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• Japanese rulers adopted the title Heavenly
  Emperor and claimed absolute power.
• They strengthened the central government, set up
  a bureaucracy, and adopted a law code similar to
  that of China.
• Still, the new bureaucracy had little real
  authority beyond the royal court.
• Out in the countryside, the old clans remained
  strong.

152
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• In 710, the Japanese emperor built a new capital
  at Nara, modeled on the Tang capital at Changan.
  
• There, Japanese nobles spoke Chinese and dressed
  in Chinese fashion.
• Their cooks prepared Chinese dishes and served
  food on Chinese style pottery.

153
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• Tea drinking, along with an elaborate tea
  ceremony, was imported from China.
• Japanese officials and scholars used Chinese
  characters to write official histories.
• Tang music and dances became very popular, as did
  gardens designed along Chinese lines.

154
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• As Buddhism spread, the Japanese adopted the
  pagoda architecture.
• Buddhist monasteries grew rich and powerful.
• Confucian ideas and ethics also took root.
• They included the emphasis on filial piety, the
  relationships between superior and inferior, and
  respect the learning.

155
Main hall, Ise Shrine
156
Golden Hall Early Nara Japan 880
157
Daibutsuden Nara period 8th century
158
Shaka triad (Tori Busshi) Asuka Period (623)
159
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• In time, the initial enthusiasm for everything
  Chinese died down.
• The Japanese kept some Chinese ways but discarded
  or modified others.
• This process is known as selective borrowing.
• Japan, for example, never accepted the Chinese
  civil service examination to choose officials
  based on merit.
• Instead, they maintained their tradition of
  inherited status through family position.
• Officials were the educated sons of nobles.

160
Explain how Chinese civilization influenced early
Japanese traditions

• By the 800s, as Tang China began to decline, the
  Japanese court turned away from its model.
• After absorbing all they could from China, the
  Japanese spent the next 400 years digesting and
  modifying these cultural acquisitions to produce
  their own unique civilization.
• The Japanese asserted their identity by revising
  the Chinese system of writing and adding kana, or
  phonetic symbols representing syllables.
• Japanese artists developed their own styles.

161
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162
Describe the traditions that emerged at the Heian
court
163
Describe the traditions that emerged at the Heian
court

• This blending of cultures took place from 794 to
  1185.
• During this time, the imperial capital was in
  Heian, present day Kyoto.
• There, emperors performed traditional religious
  ceremonies, while wealthy court families like the
  Fujiwara wielded real power.
• The Fujiwara married their daughters to the heirs
  to the throne, thus ensuring their authority.

164
Describe the traditions that emerged at the Heian
court

• At the Heian court an elegant and sophisticated
  culture blossomed.
• Noblewomen and noblemen lived in a fairy-tale
  atmosphere of beautiful pavilions, gardens, and
  lotus pools.
• Elaborate rules of etiquette governed court
  ceremony.
• Courtiers dressed with extraordinary care in
  delicate, multicolored silk.
• Draping ones sleeve out a carriage window was a
  fine art.

165
Phoenix Hall Heian period 1053
166
Describe the traditions that emerged at the Heian
court

• Although men at court still studied Chinese,
  women were forbidden to learn the language.
• Despite these restrictions, it was Heian women
  who produced the most important works of Japanese
  literature of the period.
• Using the new kana, women of the court produced
  fine diaries, essays, and dance collections of
  poetry.

167
Describe the traditions that emerged at the Heian
court

• In the 900s, Sei Shonagon, a lady-in-waiting to
  be empress, wrote The Pillow Book.
• In a witty series of anecdotes and personal
  observations, she provides vivid details of court
  manners, amusements, decor, and dress.
• In one section, Shonagon discusses the importance
  of keeping up a good appearance at court

168
Describe the traditions that emerged at the Heian
court

• Nothing can be worse than allowing the driver of
  ones ox-carriage to be poorly dressed. It does
  not matter too much if the other attendants are
  shabby, since they can remain at the rear of the
  carriage but the drivers are bound to be noticed
  and, if they are badly turned out, it makes a
  painful impression.
• -Sei Shonagon, The
  Pillow Book

169
Sei ShonagonThe Pillow Book
170
Describe the traditions that emerged at the Heian
court

• The best-known Heian writer was Sei Shanogans
  rival, Murasaki Shikibu.
• Her monumental work, The Tale of Genji, was the
  worlds first full-length novel.

171
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172
Describe the traditions that emerged at the Heian
court

• The Tale of Genji recounts the adventures and
  loves of the fictional Prince Genji and his son.
  
• In one scene, Genji moves with ease through the
  festivities at an elaborate Chinese banquet.
• After dinner, under the great cherry tree of the
  Southern court, the entertainment begins.
• There is music-Genji performs skillfully on the
  13-stringed zither and does the Wave Dance.
• But the main event of the evening is a Chinese
  poetry contest.
• Genji and other guests are given a rhyme word,
  which they must use to compose a poem in Chinese.
  
• Genjis word is Spring and his poem is the hit
  of the banquet.

173
Describe the traditions that emerged at the Heian
court

• Elegant though they are, the Heian poems and
  romances are haunted by a sense of sadness.
• The writers lament that love does not last and
  the beauty of the world is soon gone.
• Perhaps this feeling of melancholy was prophetic.
  
• While noble men and women strolled through
  manicured gardens, outside the walls of the
  court, clouds of rebellion and civil war were
  gathering.

174
Lesson 3bJapans Feudal Age
5

• Explain how feudalism developed in Japan
• Summarize the changes that took place under the
  Tokugawa shoguns
• Describe the cultural and artistic traditions
  that emerged in feudal Japan

175
Explain how feudalism developed in Japan
176
Explain how feudalism developed in Japan

• While the emperor presided over the splendid
  court at Heian, rival clans battled for control
  of the countryside.
• Local warlords and even Buddhist temples formed
  armed bands loyal to them rather than to the
  central government.
• As these armies struggled for power, Japan
  evolved a feudal system.
• As in the feudal world of medieval Europe, a
  warrior aristocracy dominated Japanese society.

177
Explain how feudalism developed in Japan

• In theory, the emperor stood at the head of
  Japanese feudal society.
• In fact, he was a powerless, though revered,
  figurehead. Real power lay in the hands of the
  shogun, or supreme military commander.
• Minamoto Yoritomo was appointed shogun in 1192.
• He set up the Kamakura shogunate, the first of
  three military dynasties that would rule Japan
  for almost 700 years.

178
Minamoto Yoritomo
179
Explain how feudalism developed in Japan

• Often the shogun controlled only a small part of
  Japan.
• He distributed lands to vassal lords who agreed
  to support him with their armies in time of need.
  
• These great warrior lords were later called
  daimyo.
• They, in turn, granted land to lesser warriors
  called samurai, meaning those who serve.
• Samurai were the fighting aristocracy of a
  war-torn land.

180
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181
Explain how feudalism developed in Japan

• Like medieval Christian knights in Europe,
  samurai were heavily armed and trained in the
  skills of fighting.
• They also developed their own code of values.
• Known as bushido or the way of the warrior, the
  code emphasized the honor, bravery, and absolute
  loyalty to ones lord.

182
Explain how feudalism developed in Japan

• The true samurai was supposed to have no fear or
  death.
• If you think of saving your life, it was said,
  you had better not go to war at all.
• Samurai prepared for hardship by going hungry or
  walking barefoot in the snow.
• For a samurai, it was said, when his stomach is
  empty, it is a disgrace to feel hungry.
• A samurai who betrayed the code of bushido was
  expected to commit seppuku, or ritual suicide,
  rather than live without honor.

183
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184
Explain how feudalism developed in Japan

• At first, some noblewomen in Japanese feudal
  society trained in the military arts.
• A few even became legendary warriors.
• At times, some noblewomen supervised their
  familys estates.

185
Explain how feudalism developed in Japan

• As the age of the samurai progressed, however,
  the position of women declined steadily.
• When feudal warfare increased, inheritance was
  limited to sons.
• Unlike the European ideal of chivalry, the
  samurai code did not set women on a pedestal.
• Instead, the wife of a warrior had to accept the
  same hardships as her husband and owed the same
  loyalty to his overlord.

186
Detail of The Burning of Sanjo Palace Kamakura
period (13th century)
187
Explain how feudalism developed in Japan

• Far below the samurai in the social hierarchy
  were the peasants, artisans, and merchants.
• Peasants, who made up 75 percent of the
  population, formed the backbone of feudal society
  in samurai.
• Some peasants also served as foot soldiers in
  feudal wars.
• On rare occasions, an able peasant soldier might
  rise through the ranks to become a samurai
  himself.

188
Explain how feudalism developed in Japan

• Artisans, such as armorers and swordmakers,
  provided necessary goods for the samurai class.
• Merchants had the lowest rank in Japanese feudal
  society.
• However, as you will see, their status gradually
  improved.

189
Explain how feudalism developed in Japan

• During the feudal age, most fighting took place
  between rival warlords, but the Mongol conquest
  of China and Korea also threatened Japan.
• When the Japanese refused to accept Mongol rule,
  Kublai Khan launched an invasion from Korea in
  1274.
• After a fleet carrying 30,000 troops arrived, a
  typhoon wrecked many Mongol ships.

190
Explain how feudalism developed in Japan

• In 1281, the Mongols landed an even larger
  invasion force, but again a typhoon destroyed
  much of the Mongol fleet.
• The Japanese credited their miraculous deliver to
  the kamikaze, or divine winds.
• The Mongol failure reinforced the Japanese sense
  that they were a people set apart who enjoyed the
  special protection of the gods.

191
Summarize the changes that took place under the
Tokugawa shoguns
192
Summarize the changes that took place under the
Tokugawa shoguns

• The Kamakura shogunate crumbled in the aftermath
  of the Mongol invasions.
• A new dynasty took power in 1338, but the level
  of warfare increased after 1450.
• To defend their castles, daimyo armed peasants as
  well as samurai, which led to even more ruthless
  fighting.
• A popular saying of the time declared, The
  warrior does not care if hes called a dog or
  beast. The main thing is winning.

193
Summarize the changes that took place under the
Tokugawa shoguns

• Gradually, several powerful warriors united large
  parts of Japan.
• By 1590, the brilliant general Toyotomi
  Hideyoshi, a commoner by birth, had brought most
  of Japan under his control.
• He then tried, but failed, to conquer Korea and
  China.

194
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
195
Summarize the changes that took place under the
Tokugawa shoguns

• In 1600, the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated his
  rivals to become master of Japan.
• Three years later, he was named shogun.
• The Tokugawa shogunate ruled Japan until 1868.

196
Tokugawa Ieyasu
197
Summarize the changes that took place under the
Tokugawa shoguns

• The Tokugawa shoguns were determined to end
  feudal warfare.
• They kept the outward forms of feudal society but
  imposed central government control on all Japan.
  
• For this reason, their system of government is
  called centralized feudalism

198
Summarize the changes that took place under the
Tokugawa shoguns

• The Tokugawas created a unified, orderly society.
  
• To control the daimyo, they required these great
  lords to live in the shoguns capital at Edo
  every other year.
• A daimyos wife and children had to remain in Edo
  full time, giving the shogun a powerful check on
  the entire family.
• The shogun also forbade daimyo to repair their
  castles or marry without permission.

199
Summarize the changes that took place under the
Tokugawa shoguns

• New laws fixed the old social order rigidly in
  place and upheld a strict moral code.
• Only samurai were allowed to serve in the
  military or hold government jobs.
• They were expected to follow the traditions of
  bushido.
• Peasants had to remain on the land.
• Lower classes were denied luxuries such as silk
  clothing.

200
Summarize the changes that took place under the
Tokugawa shoguns

• Women, too, faced greater restrictions under the
  Tokugawas.
• One government decree, sent to all villages,
  stated, However good-looking a wife may be, if
  she neglects her household duties by drinking tea
  or sightseeing or rambling on the hillsides, she
  must be divorced.
• Womens freedom to move about, or even travel
  with their husbands, was strictly regulated.

201
Summarize the changes that took place under the
Tokugawa shoguns

• While the shoguns tried to hold back social
  change, the Japanese economy grew by leaps and
  bounds.
• With peace restored to the countryside,
  agriculture improved and expanded.
• New seeds, tools, and the use of fertilizer led
  to greater output of crops.

202
Summarize the changes that took place under the
Tokugawa shoguns

• Food surpluses supported rapid population growth.
  
• Towns sprang up on the lands around the castles
  of daimyo.
• Edo grew into a booming city, where artisans and
  merchants flocked to supply the needs of the
  daimyo and their families.

203
Summarize the changes that took place under the
Tokugawa shoguns

• Trade flourished within Japan.
• New roads linked castle towns and Edo.
• Each year, daimyo and their servants traveled to
  and from the capital, creating a demand for food
  and services along the route.

204
Summarize the changes that took place under the
Tokugawa shoguns

• In the cities, a wealthy merchant class emerged.
  
• In accordance with Confucian tradition, merchants
  had low social status.
• Still, Japanese merchants gained influence by
  lending money to daimyo and samurai.
• Sometimes, merchants further improved their
  social position by arranging to marry their
  daughters into the samurai class.

205
Describe the cultural and artistic traditions
that emerged in feudal Japan
206
Describe the cultural and artistic traditions
that emerged in feudal Japan

• During Japans feudal age, a Buddhist sect from
  China won widespread acceptance among samurai.
• Known in Japan as Zen, it emphasized meditation
  and devotion to duty.

207
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208
Describe the cultural and artistic traditions
that emerged in feudal Japan

• Zen had seemingly contradictory traditions.
• Zen monks were great scholars, yet they valued
  the uncluttered mind and stressed the importance
  of reaching a moment of non-knowing.
• Zen stressed compassion for all, yet samurai
  fought to kill.
• In Zen monasteries, monks sought to experience
  absolute freedom, yet rigid rules gave the master
  complete authority over his students.

209
Describe the cultural and artistic traditions
that emerged in feudal Japan

• Zen beliefs shaped Japanese culture in many ways.
  
• At Zen monasteries, upper-class men learned to
  express devotion to nature in such activities as
  landscape gardening.
• Zen Buddhists believed that people could seek
  enlightenment, not only through meditation, but
  through the precise performance of everyday
  tasks.

210
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211
Describe the cultural and artistic traditions
that emerged in feudal Japan

• For example, the elaborate rituals of the tea
  ceremo