Chapter 11 Rimlands of China East Asia

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Chapter 11Rimlands of China (East Asia)
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Rimlands

• Frontiers of civilized China
• China most technologically advanced society in
  Asia (perhaps world)
• Influence spreading (slowly in areas)
• Vietnam (Southeast Asia)
• Japan (Eastern islands)
• Korea (Southeastern Mainland)

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Geography

• Japan
• Island nation
• Mountainous
• Volcanic Soil
• Vietnam
• Extremely rich soils
• Tropical Conditions
• River deltas (highly productive)
• Korea
• Mountainous
• Seasons similar to Eastern United States

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Chinese Model

• Creation of centralized government
• Rise of merit system for public officials
• Elements of State Confucianism
• Government established taxation
• Strong Buddhist Presence

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Chinese Model

• Korea most heavily influenced by China
• Ruled by Han Dynasty
• Tribute under Tang Dynasty
• Vietnam
• Administered by Chinese over 1000 years
• Education based on civil service exam system
• Japan
• Independent of Chinese control
• But Institutions influenced by more advanced
  Chinese

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Japan

• Unlike China, Relatively free of foreign threat
• Island character
• Culturally distinct
• But other cultural influences not as threatening
• Two rice harvests per year (fortunate)

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Early Japan

• Settle Yamato Region (middle plains)
• Tribal society
• Clan system
• Control decentralized
• No dominate chieftain
• Little attention to China
• Until Tang Dynasty emerges (7th century)
• Witness meddling in Korea by Tang

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Japan and China

• Japan Forms alliance with Korea
• Establish diplomatic relations w/ Tang Dynasty in
  China
• Prevent Chinese domination
• Shotoko Taishi
• Leader of dominate Yamato clans (early 7th
  century)
• Establishing relationship with China
• Send emissaries to China
• Adopted Chinese model of centralized governing

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Buddhism

• Pilgrims visit China
• Absorbing Buddhist spiritual doctrines
• Popular among Japanese aristocrats
• Investment in Buddhist monasteries
• Buddhist Monks become
• influential in Japanese politics

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Fujiwara Clan

• Government reformed based on Tang model
  successful
• Rise of Fujiwara clan in Yamato Region
• Decline of centralized power
• Rise of landed gentry / aristocratic control
• Emperor ---- but power in hands of Fujiwara
• Regent (chief executive / 2nd to Emperor)
• Member of Fujiwara clan
• Civil service examination reserved ONLY for rich

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Samurai

• Protection of power / land
• Repeling other clans / magistrates from
  collecting taxes
• Ruler-sponsored equipment
• Samurai required to hone martial skills
• Bushido Way of the Warrior
• Code of conduct for Samurai
• Samurai philosophy
• Stress lord-retainer relationship (obedience /
  discipline)
• required to show his lord loyalty
• Upward mobility of Samurai
• Gain political clout through political marriages
• Eventually surpass ruling aristocrats

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Samurai
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Rise of Shogunate

• Minamoto Yoritomo (12th century) of Kamakura
  region
• Rises to power during clan rivalries
• established superiority of samurai over
  aristocracy
• Shogun powerful miliatry leader (general)
• Yoritomo has titular authority (diplomatic)
• Shogun has actual military power
• Mongolians in China (13th century)
• threatening Japan
• Land on Kyushu (southern island)
• Destroyed in Typhoon

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Japanese Society

• Agrarian culture
• Commerce slow to develop
• Markets emerge during Yoritomo period
• Exports from China / Korea
• Japan aggressive in pursuit of trade (12th
  century)
• Guilds formed --- increased manufacturing /
  commerce

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Japanese Society

• Village life
• Socially stratified
• Even among peasants
• Peasants responsible for organizing collect labor
  services
• Collecting taxes
• Well-to-do Peasants emerge
• Genin landless peasants
• Eta class of slaves (think untouchables)

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Religion in Japan

• Buddhism
• Kami worship of nature Spirits
• Shinto state religion based upon ritual
  purification
• Elaborate moral code
• Strong tradition of physical purity (cleanliness)
• Belief in divinity of Ruler
• Emphasis on natures beauty
• Reflected in Japanese Art / Literature /
  Architecture

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Korea

• Most heavily influenced by China
• Due to proximity
• Ruled by Han (1st Century)
• Decline of Han
• Tribal leaders expelled Chinese administrators
• Three Kingdoms emerge

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Three Kingdoms

• Koguryo continued to expand westward, eventually
  conquering half of Manchuria
• Paekche and Silla
• Timeline
• Roman Empire struggling with civil conflict,
• First Christian Emperor was crowned.
• Ongoing conflict between kingdoms
• Until Silla negotiated Tribute w/ Tang Dynasty 

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Koryo

• After death of Silla king (early10th century)
• Civil War erupts
• Chinese model of centralized gov. adopted
• New Dynasty emerged
• Koryo Dynasty (root of word Korea)
• Rules for 400 years
• Largely due to ineffectual rulers in China
• Nobility usurps centralized control
• Growing wealth of noble classes (lax gov.
  taxation)
• Mongols! make Koryo tribute under Khubilai Khan
• Korean slave labor used to build fleet for
  invasion of Japan

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Vietnam

• Dominated by China for 1000 years
• Qin empire occupied in 200 BCE
• Later absorbed by Han Dynasty
• Trung Sisters
• Symbolic heroes
• Sino-Chinese Ruling elite dominates Vietnam

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Trung Sisters
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Vietnamese Expansion

• Despite Chinese occupation
• Efforts to maintain ethnic / cultural identity
• Benefited from collapse of Tang Dynasty
• Dai Viet smaller autonomous region
• P. 309
• Conquering southern territories

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Vietnamese Society

• Civil Service Exam System of Education
• In addition to Confucian doctrines
• Vietnamese history stressed
• Strengthening sense of cultural identity
• Similar patterns of administration
• Buddhism extremely popular
• Upper-class attracted to Confucianism
• Family
• Similar styles of Filial Piety (male dominance)
• Women have more legal rights