Title: Personality
1Chapter 10
2Personality
- Personality Psychological qualities that bring
continuity to an individuals behavior in
different situations and at different times - Theories help understand the causes of
similarities and differences among people
3Psychodynamic Theory
- Psychoanalytic theory focuses on early
childhood experiences, unconscious
motives/conflicts, and methods used to cope with
sexual aggressive urges
4Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory
- Unconscious thoughts, memories, desires well
below the surface of conscious awareness, but
still exert great influence on behavior - Sexual aggressive impulses major source of
conflict - Ambiguous social norms inconsistent messages
about what is appropriate - Thwarted more often than other urges
5Drives and Instincts
- Eros (life instincts) drives people towards
acts that are life giving - Libido (energy behind eros) drives people to
experience sensual pleasure - Thanatos (death instincts) drives people toward
aggressive and destructive behaviors
6Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory
Id
Primitive, unconscious portion of personality
houses most basic drives and stores repressed
memories
Superego
Ego
7Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory
Id
Minds storehouse of values, moral attitudes
learned from parents and society same as common
notion of conscience
Superego
Ego
8Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory
Id
Conscious, rational part of personality charged
with keeping peace between superego and id
Superego
Ego
9Freuds Model of the Mind
10Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory
- Psychosexual stages Successive, developmental
periods with a characteristic sexual focus that
leave their mark on adult personality
Oral Stage
Anal Stage
Phallic Stage
Latency
Genital Stage
11Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory
- Ego defense mechanisms Largely unconscious
mental strategies employed to reduce the
experience of anxiety or guilt - Repression keeping distressing thought/feelings
in the unconscious - Projection attributing ones own thoughts,
feelings, or motives to another - Regression reversion to immature patterns of
behavior - Denial arguing against an anxiety by stating
that it doesnt exist - Undoing attempt to take back thoughts/
behaviors that are unacceptable
12More Defense Mechanisms
- Displacement diverting emotional feelings from
their original source to a substitute target - Reaction Formation acting in a way opposite of
ones true feelings - Sublimation acting out unacceptable impulses in
a socially acceptable way - Rationalization creating false, but plausible
excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
13Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory
- Projective tests Personality assessment
instruments based on Freuds concept of
projecting hidden motives, interests, conflicts - Rorschach inkblot technique
- Sentence completion
- Free association
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
14Rorschach Inkblot
15Thematic Apperception Test
16Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory
- Psychic determinism Freuds assumption that all
mental and behavioral reactions are caused by
unconscious traumas desires or conflicts - Nothing is accidental
17Carl Jung Extending the Unconscious
- Believed that Freud overemphasized sexuality at
the expense of other unconscious needs and
desires - Disputed the structure of the unconscious
- Personal unconscious Portion of the unconscious
corresponding roughly to Freuds id - Collective unconscious Jungs addition to the
unconscious, involving a reservoir for
instinctive memories including the archetypes,
which exist in all people
18Carl Jung Extending the Unconscious
Animus
The male archetype
Anima
The female archetype
Shadow
19Carl Jung Extending the Unconscious
Animus
Archetype representing the destructive and
aggressive tendencies we dont want to recognize
in ourselves
Anima
Shadow
20Humanistic Theories
- Third Force
- Focus on mental capabilities that set humans
apart - Innate drive to grow and fulfill potential
- How people view the world and respond
- Humanistic Theories include
- Gordon Allports trait theory
- Abraham Maslows self-actualizing personality
- Carl Rogers fully functioning person
21Gordon Allport and the Beginnings of Humanistic
- Traits Stable personality characteristics that
are presumed to exist within the individual and
guide his or her thoughts and actions under
various conditions - Central traits form the basis of personality
- Secondary traits include preferences and
attitudes - Cardinal traits define peoples lives
22Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality
- Self-actualizing personalities Healthy
individuals who have met their basic needs and
are free to be creative and fulfill their
potentials
23Carl Rogerss Fully Functioning Person
- Fully functioning person Term for a healthy,
self-actualizing individual, who has a
self-concept that is both positive and congruent
with reality
24Carl Rogerss Fully Functioning Person
- Phenomenal field Our psychological reality,
composed of ones perceptions and feelings - Unconditional positive regard Love or caring
without conditions attached
25Evaluating Humanistic Theories
- Positive psychology Movement within psychology
focusing on the desirable aspects of human
functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on
psychopathology
26Social-Cognitive Theories
- More scientific driven by expectations, too
- Based on principles of learning (Bandura)
- Observational learning Process of learning new
responses by watching the behavior of others - Personality is a collection of learned behavior
patterns (skills, attitudes, beliefs, fears) - Reciprocal determinism Process in which the
person, situation and environment mutually
influence each other
27Reciprocal Determinism
28What Persistent Patterns are Found in Personality?
29Patterns in Personality
- The Big Five (McCrae) - handout
- Type Clusters of traits that are not only
central to a persons personality but are found
with essentially the same pattern in many people - Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
- Person-situation controversy Theoretical
dispute concerning the relative contribution of
personality factors and situational factors in
controlling behavior (criticizes trait theory)
30Assessing Traits
- NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory)
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI-2) - Must be valid and reliable!!!
- Measure what it is supposed to and be consistent!
31What Theories Do People Use to Understand Each
Other?
32Implicit Personality Theories
- Implicit personality theories Assumptions about
personality that are held by people to simplify
the task of understanding others - Fundamental attribution error Assumption that
another persons behavior (especially undesirable
behavior) is the result of a flaw in the
personality, rather than in the situation