REGIONAL SLIDES

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REGIONAL SLIDES
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AFRICA

• Africa is a region of turmoil from tsunamis to
  droughts fires to floods and meteor impacts to
  epidemics and pandemics

• Between 1975 and 2005, the population more than
  doubled from 335 to 751 million and is predicted
  to reach 1.1 billion by 2025

• Currently Africas growth rate is at 2.2 percent
  a year

• Total forest area of Africa is 5 683 131 km2
  Africa constitutes about 17 percent of the
  world's forests Nigeria has the worlds highest
  deforestation rate

• 300 million Africans do not have access to safe
  water, about 313 million have no access to
  sanitation and over 88 million people are
  malnourished

• In Africa, agriculture provides livelihoods for
  about 60 percent of the continent's active labour
  force, contributes to 17 percent of Africa's
  total gross domestic product and accounts for 40
  percent of its foreign currency earnings

Sources FAO, Population Reference Bureau
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Disappearing Icecap of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Africas highest mountain with a forest belt
having rich diversity of ecosystems

• 1976 Glaciers covered most of the summit

• 2000 The glaciers had receded alarmingly

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Impact of Civil Wars on Guinea
These images show impact of civil wars in Liberia
on neighboring Guinea

• 2002 The light green color is the result of
  deforestation in the safe area where refugees
  set up camp

The civil wars resulted in refugees creating
camps in neighboring countries which causes
deforestation.
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Urban Sprawl in Banjul, Gambia
Images show urban sprawl and its impact

• Urban growth and expansion of cropland has led to
  decline in woodland in Gambia

• 1999 Abuko Nature Reserve is an isolated patch
  of green in the 1999 image

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Undergoing Steady Urban Growth - Tripoli, Libya
Grasslands have been converted into agricultural
fields

• Urban expansion is especially notable in Libya
  (shades of grey)
• Libya began using their oil resources when
  planting trees along their Southern border in
  order to stop desertification.

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Industrializing Midrand, South Africa
Midrand, South Africa--rapidly transforming city
due to population growth, agriculture, mining,
and industry

• Surrounding area consists largely of agriculture

• High density urban development

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Population Growth Around Lake Victoria, Uganda

• The population growth around 100 km buffer zone
  of the Lake Victoria

• Population growth around Lake Victoria, East
  Africa, is the highest in Africa

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Population Growth Lake Victoria vs. Africa
Note Figures for 2010 and 2015 are estimates.
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Diversity in Mt. Kenya Ecosystems Kenya
These images show high diversity in ecosystems
and species

• 2000 The entire forest belt of Mount Kenya is a
  National Reserve

• 2002 The image shows that there has been
  significant improvement in the state of
  conservation of forests

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Tai National Park, Côte dIvoire site of
worlds highest deforestation rate
These images show deforestation rate in Cote
dIvoire, believed to be one of the highest in
the world

• 1988 Shows destruction of small forest fragments

• 2002 The lighter green strip bisecting the
  images shows the result of extensive
  deforestation and intensive cultivation

Intensive cultivation is causing
extensive deforestation
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Impact of Challawa Gorge DamNigeria
These images show the area before and after
construction of the dam

• 1990 Image of the area before the completion of
  the dam in 1993

• 1999 Impact of flooding upstream from the dam
  colour of the water in the flooded area indicates
  high sediments

The damming of rivers causes flooding above the
dam which results in loss of land.
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Shrinking Lake Chad shared by Nigeria, Niger,
Chad and Cameroon
Persistent drought has shrunk Lake Chad to about
a tenth of its former size

• 1972 Larger lake surface area is visible in
  this image

• 2001 Impact of drought displays a shrunken
  lake, comparatively much smaller surface area
  than in 1972 image

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Land Cover Degradation Around Lake Nakuru, Kenya
These images show the land cover degradation in
the lakes catchment

• 2000 Excision of forest in the Eastern Mau
  Forest Reserve (white lines) in Kenya will most
  likely lead to disappearance of upper catchment
  forest cover. Deforestation and overuse of land
  has caused soil erosion.

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Converted Lands of Narok, Kenya
These images show the conversion of grasslands
into agricultural fields

• 1975 The agricultural expansion is just
  beginning

• 2000 This image shows the degree to which
  farmlands have expanded
• Most of Africa is converting grasslands into
  farmland. Poor farming techniques can lead to
  desertification.

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Toshka Lakes Farming the DesertEgypt
These images show the desert area transformed
into vegetable plots

• 1984-87 Image of the area before the desert
  reclamation project began in mid-1990s

n

• 2000 Four new lakes are visible in this image,
  faint blue-green areas around the lakes are newly
  created agricultural lands
• Egypt is transforming desert into farmland
  (blue/white areas)

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Toshka Lakes Farming the DesertEgypt
2005 New fields are clearly visible in the image
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AFRICAS LAKES

• According to the WORLDLAKE database, there are
  677 lakes in Africa

• There are 15 natural lakes that cross the
  political boundaries of two or more countries in
  Africa

• There are 60 transboundary river basins in
  Africa, covering over 63 per cent of the
  continents land area

• Lake Chads surface area has shrunk by 95 percent
  over the past 35 years

• Uncontrolled damming, the withdrawal of water for
  irrigation, and climate variability are the major
  causes of drying up of Lake Tonga in Algeria

• Population growth around Lake Victoria, the
  continents largest lake, is significantly higher
  than the rest of Africa

• Some lakes in central Africa have become known as
  killer lakes, because of the catastrophic
  natural events that have occurred in their
  vicinity

Sources UNEP 2006
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Lake Kivu-one of Africas killer
lakesCongo/Rwanda
These images show dramatic changes before and
after the eruption of Mt. Nyiragongo in 2002

• 2001 Before the January 2002 eruption

• 2003 Shows the track of the lava flow

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Impact of Al Wahda reservoir in Morocco
These images illustrate the change in land cover

• 1987 The area before the construction of dams

• 2001 The area after the construction of 110
  large dams

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Agricultural expansion around Lake Manantali,
Mali
These images show the expansion of irrigated
agriculture

• Mali is plagued by deforestation, soil erosion,
  overgrazing, and lack of potable water

• 1999 Shows the expanded irrigated land and
  increase in lake water quantity

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Reduction in the surface area of Songor Lagoon,
Ghana
These images show a conspicuous reduction in the
surface area

• 1990 Shows major lagoon system associated with
  Volta river estuary

• 2000 This image shows water area dramatically
  reduced, exposing bare ground

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Write EVERYTHING from this point on ?
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Causes of Deforestation and Desertification in
Botswana

• Overgrazing
• Periodic droughts
• Limited freshwater resources

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Botswana resources and issues

• Botswana has 3 of the worlds richest diamond
  mines
• High per capita income
• 1/3 of their population infected with HIV/AIDS
• Life expectancy39 years

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Current Issues in Egypt

• A surging population is taxing Egypts natural
  resources to the breaking point
• Urbanization and desertification are snatching up
  precious agricultural lands while pollution from
  industry, agriculture, and sewage threaten water
  resources (Nile River)
• Freshwater is limited to the Nile
• Pollution from oil, agricultural pesticides, raw
  sewage, and industrial waste
• Desertification is a constant threat
• Soil salination is high below the Aswan High Dam
  (puzzle)! ?

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Issues in Kenya

• Water is Kenyas biggest challenge
• Recurring drought affects agricultural and
  domestic water supplies and hydropower stations
• Pollution from waste water and agricultural and
  industrial runoff is further strapping supplies
  of clean water

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Chads issues

• Plagued by the harmattan winds, periodic
  droughts, and locust plagues
• Eco-alertslack of potable water and
  desertification
• Pollution from oil pipeline project (began in
  2001)

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What do you think?

• How do physical features like deserts, mountains,
  rivers, and ocean proximity impact countries like
  Ethiopia, Sudan, and Morocco?

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What kind of effect do these have on the people
of Africa (where they work, live, and their
transportation)?

• Sahara
• Historically a trade route
• Work is trade or farming
• Live near water supplies (scarce)
• Rely upon camels for transport
• Sahel
• People rely upon farming
• Some areas are rich in natural resources
• Live near water supplies (scarce)
• Rely upon camels and waterways for transport
• Many people live without running water,
  electricity, or proper sewers
• Very susceptible to bad weather

• Savanna
• -Mostly farming
• -Wildlife parks/tourism
• -People gather near good farmland and water
  supplies (also a source of their jobs)
• -Roads and waterways for transport

• Rain Forest
• -farming, mining, timber industry major
  occupations
• -deforestation is taking place (cutting down
  trees so that there is more room for farming)
• -transportation can be difficult because of
  poorly maintained roads
• -people live where the jobs are