Redefining America:

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Redefining America Findings from the 2006
Latino National Survey Luis R. Fraga Stanford
University University of Washington John A.
Garcia University of Arizona Rodney E.
Hero University of Notre Dame Michael
Jones-Correa Cornell University Valerie
Martinez-Ebers Texas Christian University Gary
M. Segura University of Washington
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Sources of Funding

• Annie E. Casey Foundation
• Carnegie Corporation
• Ford Foundation
• Hewlett Foundation
• Irvine Foundation
• Joyce Foundation
• Kellogg Foundation
• National Science Foundation
• Russell Sage Foundation
• Texas AM University MALRC, PERG

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Percent Hispanic of U.S. Population, 1960-2030
Percent
Source Chapter 2. Multiple Origins, Uncertain
Destinies. Adapted from Figure 2-2.
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Hispanic Births and Net Immigration by Decade
1960-2030
Millions
Source Chapter 2. Multiple Origins, Uncertain
Destinies. Adapted from Figure 2-1.
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Assimilation, Values, and Identity
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Latino Diversity
44 million Latinos in the US
Census Bureau (American Community Survey,
Released August 2006) Mexican 63.9 Puerto
Rican 9 Cuban 3.5 Salvadoran
2.9 Dominican 2.7 Guatemalan
1.7 Colombian 1.8 ALL OTHERS
14.3 Native-born (not Island-born)
35.4 Foreign-born 61 Island-born PR 3.6 No
high school diploma 43 College graduate 11.1
Latino National Survey (unweighted N) Summer
2006 Mexican 66.1 (5704) Puerto Rican
9.5 (822) Cuban 4.9 (420) Salvadoran
4.7 (407) Dominican 3.9 (335) Guatemalan
1.7 (149) Colombian 1.6 (139) All
Others 7.6 Native-born 28.4
(2450) Foreign-born (adults) 66.2
(5717) Island-born PR 5.4 (467) No high
school diploma 37 College graduate 16.2
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Language Proficiencyacross Generations
1st Gen 2nd Gen 3rd Gen 4th Gen
Answered in English 19.2 73.7 90.4 91.3
Answered in Spanish, Speak English 19.1 19.5 8.2 7.7
Total Share with English Proficiency 38.3 93.2 98.6 99.0
Retain Spanish Proficiency 99.2 91.6 68.7 60.5

• Strong English dominance and nearly universal
  English proficiency among the first-generation of
  US born
• Generally strong Spanish retention, aided by
  refreshed populations of Spanish-speakers.

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Importance of Learning English/ Retaining
Spanish across Generations
1st Gen 2nd Gen 3rd Gen 4th Gen
How important do you think it is that everyone in the United States learn English? How important do you think it is that everyone in the United States learn English? How important do you think it is that everyone in the United States learn English? How important do you think it is that everyone in the United States learn English? How important do you think it is that everyone in the United States learn English?
Somewhat 5.2 8.6 11.8 11.6
Very 94.1 89.3 86.1 84.0
How important do you think it is for you or your family to maintain the ability to speak Spanish? How important do you think it is for you or your family to maintain the ability to speak Spanish? How important do you think it is for you or your family to maintain the ability to speak Spanish? How important do you think it is for you or your family to maintain the ability to speak Spanish? How important do you think it is for you or your family to maintain the ability to speak Spanish?
Somewhat 9.7 13.7 17.9 22.2
Very 88.6 84.4 73.0 66.7

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Sense of American and Home-Country
IdentityAcross Generations
1st 1st 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rd 4th
How strongly do you think of yourself as American? How strongly do you think of yourself as American? How strongly do you think of yourself as American? How strongly do you think of yourself as American? How strongly do you think of yourself as American? How strongly do you think of yourself as American? How strongly do you think of yourself as American? How strongly do you think of yourself as American?
Somewhat Strongly Somewhat Strongly 28.7 25.1 25.1 25.1 15.2 16.3
Very Strongly Very Strongly 24.5 56.9 56.9 56.9 78.5 76.4
How strongly do you think of yourself as (Mexican, Cuban, etc)? How strongly do you think of yourself as (Mexican, Cuban, etc)? How strongly do you think of yourself as (Mexican, Cuban, etc)? How strongly do you think of yourself as (Mexican, Cuban, etc)? How strongly do you think of yourself as (Mexican, Cuban, etc)? How strongly do you think of yourself as (Mexican, Cuban, etc)? How strongly do you think of yourself as (Mexican, Cuban, etc)? How strongly do you think of yourself as (Mexican, Cuban, etc)?
Somewhat Strongly Somewhat Strongly 19.6 19.6 22.2 22.2 26.1 34.3
Very Strongly Very Strongly 67.6 67.6 64.3 64.3 45.1 40.5

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Attention to US and Home Country Politics and
Public Affairs
1st 1st 1st 2nd 3rd 3rd 4th
Attention to/Interest in US politics Attention to/Interest in US politics Attention to/Interest in US politics Attention to/Interest in US politics Attention to/Interest in US politics Attention to/Interest in US politics Attention to/Interest in US politics Attention to/Interest in US politics
Somewhat or Very Interested Somewhat or Very Interested 60.0 73.9 73.9 79.2 79.2 81.3
Attention to/Interest in Home-Country politics Attention to/Interest in Home-Country politics Attention to/Interest in Home-Country politics Attention to/Interest in Home-Country politics Attention to/Interest in Home-Country politics Attention to/Interest in Home-Country politics Attention to/Interest in Home-Country politics Attention to/Interest in Home-Country politics
Little or No Attention Paid Little or No Attention Paid 57.5 61.0 61.0 61.0 72.8 72.8

• Attention to US politics is strong, even among
  the foreign born, and approaches (and in some
  cases surpasses) levels for all other groups,
  among Latinos born in the US.
• While about 57 of foreign born respondents agree
  that they should be able to vote in home country
  elections, only about 4 have ever done so, and
  about 58 report paying little or no attention to
  politics back home.

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Preferences for Cultural Assimilation and
Distinctness
1st 1st 2nd 2nd 3rd 4th
Importance of Changing to Blend into Larger Society Importance of Changing to Blend into Larger Society Importance of Changing to Blend into Larger Society Importance of Changing to Blend into Larger Society Importance of Changing to Blend into Larger Society Importance of Changing to Blend into Larger Society Importance of Changing to Blend into Larger Society
Somewhat Somewhat 26.2 26.2 33.3 34.7 37.5
Very Very 61.4 61.4 44.6 40.6 35.7
Importance of Maintaining Distinct Culture Importance of Maintaining Distinct Culture Importance of Maintaining Distinct Culture Importance of Maintaining Distinct Culture Importance of Maintaining Distinct Culture Importance of Maintaining Distinct Culture Importance of Maintaining Distinct Culture
Somewhat 16.2 16.2 16.2 18.3 20.3 26.1
Very 78.6 78.6 78.6 75.8 72.9 66.7

• Support for blending into the larger culture and
  for maintaining a distinct culture are positively
  related (r.1415)
• Not seen as an either/or proposition

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Civic and Political Participation
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Latino Interest in Politics(in percentages)

• All US Born Naturalized Non-
• Respondents Citizens Citizens
  Citizens
• Not
• Interested 32 21 28 41
• Somewhat
• Interested 48 50 48 48
• Very
• Interested 20 29 24 1
• QUESTION How interested are you in politics and
  public affairs? Would you say you are very
  interested, somewhat interested or not at all
  interested?

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Civic Engagement Among Naturalized and Non-
Citizens

• (in percentages)
• All US Born Naturalized Non-
• Respondents Citizens Citizens
  Citizens
• Group
• participation 19 29 23 10
• Contacts
• officials 30 45 37 17
• Organizational
• problem-solving 43 46 43 42
• Multiple contacts
• w/ officials 25 20 19 31

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Patterns of Partisanship

• Overall U.S. Born Puerto Rico
  Born Outside U.S.
• Democrat 42.1 55.9
  56.3 33.9
• Republican 21.5 26.0
  22.9 18.8
• Independent 8.1 5.6
  3.1 10.0
• Dont Care 12.7 4.8
  5.5 17.4
• Dont Know 15.6 8.6
  12.7 20.0

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Citizenship and Issue PositionsProblem Facing
the Country

• Citizen Non-citizen
• Iraq War 30.0
  33.2
• Economy 14.7
  12.4
• Illegal
• Immigration 8.4
  14.8
• Education/
• Schools 4.2
  4.7
• Other 12.4
  6.6
• What do you think is THE one most important
  problem facing the country today?

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Partisanship and Issue PositionsProblem Facing
the Country

• Democrat Republican Independent
• Iraq War 33.8 25.1
  25.8
• Economy 15.0 14.6
  14.5
• Illegal
• Immigration 6.9 9.0
  10.6
• Education/
• Schools 5.4 4.5
  5.0
• Other 11.7 17.3
  16.1
• What do you think is THE one most important
  problem facing the country today?

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Partisanship and Issue PositionsPreferred Party
to Address Problem Facing Country

• Democrats Republicans Neither Dont
  Know
• Democrat 39.4
  7.4 43.1 10.1
• Republican 14.6 26.2
  46.3 13.0
• Independent 12.1 6.8
  63.8 17.2
• Dont Care 6.2
  3.9 54.2 35.7
• Dont Know 6.1 4.8
  48.5 40.6
• Which political party do you think has a better
  approach to address this problem?

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Latino Linked Fate
Do Latinos see their futures, and those of their national origin group, linked to that of other Latinos? YES Do Latinos see their futures, and those of their national origin group, linked to that of other Latinos? YES Do Latinos see their futures, and those of their national origin group, linked to that of other Latinos? YES Do Latinos see their futures, and those of their national origin group, linked to that of other Latinos? YES Do Latinos see their futures, and those of their national origin group, linked to that of other Latinos? YES Do Latinos see their futures, and those of their national origin group, linked to that of other Latinos? YES Do Latinos see their futures, and those of their national origin group, linked to that of other Latinos? YES
Mex indiv. Mex group Cuban indiv. Cuban group PR indiv. PR group
Nothing 14.3 7.1 18.4 13.4 22.1 11.3
Little 15.3 13.2 11.9 8.6 15.3 14.1
Some 24.6 25.8 20.5 22.2 21.7 28.5
A Lot 39.2 46.8 36.3 43.7 34.1 38.5
How much does your doing well depend on other Latinos/Hispanics also doing well? How much does national origin doing well ? How much does your doing well depend on other Latinos/Hispanics also doing well? How much does national origin doing well ? How much does your doing well depend on other Latinos/Hispanics also doing well? How much does national origin doing well ? How much does your doing well depend on other Latinos/Hispanics also doing well? How much does national origin doing well ? How much does your doing well depend on other Latinos/Hispanics also doing well? How much does national origin doing well ? How much does your doing well depend on other Latinos/Hispanics also doing well? How much does national origin doing well ? How much does your doing well depend on other Latinos/Hispanics also doing well? How much does national origin doing well ?
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Contributing Factors to Latino Linked Fate

• Perceived commonality1 Latino Linked
  Fate
• Nativity
  67.4/62.9
• Language Use
  67.9/61.7
• Linked fate w/ African. Amer.
  74.3/58.6
• Partisan Identity 74.5/61.2
• Linked fate w/ Latinos
  73.7/46.1
• Race/ethnicity of co-workers
  66.6/63.3

1 The set of percentages represents Latino
respondents who indicated some or a lot of
commonality for native/foreign born,
English/Spanish speakers. For the linked fate
percentages, it is some/a lot vs. little/nothing.
For partisan, it is partisans vs. non-partisans.
And coworkers represent mixed group of coworkers
vs. only Latinos.
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IMMIGRATION POLICY
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Latinos in the Midwest Public Policy and Issues
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Latinos and their Schools

• Grading the Schools
• Participation in the Schools

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Grade Given to Community Schools

• Grade Nation Chi metro other Ill
  Iowa
• ________________________________
• A 32.0 27.0 32.0 44.6
• B 38.1 38.0 52.2 35.5
• C 19.0 26.2 10.7 13.9
• D 5.3 4.3 2.5
• F 5.5 4.3 4.9 3.2

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Kids in School

• Level Nation Chi metro other Ill
  Iowa
• Aspir. Expect.
  Aspir. Expect. Aspir. Expect.
  Aspir. Expect.
• High Sch./ 4.0 14.1 8.0
  7.2 7.4 19.9 8.2 20.7
• GED
• Vocational 2.2 4.4 1.7 3.4
  0.0 2.3 1.4 2.7
• College 38.8 41.4 37.6
  38.9 39.1 33.8 39.6 42.5
• Advanced/ 54.8 39.8 52.5 39.5
  53.4 43.8 50.7 33.8
• Professional

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Has Met with Childs Teacher

• Nation Chi metro other Ill
  Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Yes 90.9 93.0 92.6 90.8
• No 9.0 6.9 7.3
  9.1
• DK 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
• Refused 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

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Has Attended PTA Meeting

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• ____________________________________________
• Yes 74.0 71.8 72.8 67.6
• No 25.5 27.6 24.7 31.7
• DK 0.3 0.5 2.4 0.6
• Ref 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

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Has Acted as School Volunteer

• Nation Chi metro Ill other Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Yes 52.7 52.6 45.5 53.8
• No 47.0 47.3 54.4 46.1
• DK 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
• Ref 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

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Contact with School Officials

• Nation Chi metro other Ill
  Iowa
• _______________________________________________
• No good contact 11.5 14.8 10.1 6.8
• Good contact 88.2 88.9 89.7 93.1

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Attitude of Public Toward Latino Immigrants

• Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Very/somewhat unwelcoming 43.5
• Welcoming/very welcoming 54.0
• Dk/Rf 3.2

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Most Important National Problem

• Nation Chi metro other Ill
  Iowa
• ___________________________________
• Economy 13.4 18.3 17.1 9.7
• Unemp. 4.4 5.3 1.5 6.3
• Illegal imm. 11.3 12.5 16.0 14.9
• Other 9.6 9.0 8.2
  9.8
• Iraq war 31.4 28.1 23.7 33.0
• DK/Ref 13.4 11.4 18.7 12.3

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Most Important Problem for Latinos

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Economy 6.7 6.5 9.2 4.0
• Unemployment 12.1 12.6 10.1
  12.0
• Education 9.0 13.6 8.8
  4.2
• Illegal Imm. 29.7 28.7 28.3
  31.6
• Something else 11.5 11.9 11.6
  14.8
• Race relations 4.5 2.8 3.0
  5.5
• DK/Ref 17.5 14.3 16.9 18.1

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Fair Treatment by Police?

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• ______________________________________
• Yes 48.2 50.5 48.1 48.2
• No 39.5 38.9 42.1 40.0
• DK 12.2 10.4 9.6
  11.6

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Keep Troops in Iraq as Long as Necessary to
Stabilize

• Nation Chi metro Ill other
  Iowa
• ______________________________________________
• Oppose 59.9 64.2 61.0 55.1
• Support 24.3 19.6 24.0 28.0
• Not Sure 15.5 15.9 14.7 16.6

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Government Should Provide Incometo Those Who
Need It

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Oppose 11.3 12.1 9.5 8.8
• Support 80.1 77.8 84.9 82.5
• Not Sure 8.5 9.8 5.3 8.4

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Current Health Care System Needs Government
Intervention

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________________
• Oppose 8.1 7.4 9.4 7.8
• Support 82.4 81.2 77.9
  81.2
• Not sure 9.3 11.2 12.4
  10.8

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Undocumented Immigrants Should be Charged Higher
College Tuition

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _____________________________________________
• Oppose 78.2 72.4 85.9 78.6
• Support 14.2 11.3 11.6
  14.1
• Not Sure 7.4 6.0 2.2 7.1

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Use of Matricula Consular as Acceptable Form of
ID for Immigrants

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• ____________________________________________
• Oppose 18.8 11.6 11.5 17.9
• Support 65.3 76.1 82.8 66.7
• Not Sure 15.8 12.1 5.4 15.2

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Use Standardized Tests for Grade Promotion/High
School Graduation

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Oppose 27.8 24.8 25.4 28.9
• Support 55.0 54.3 56.9 56.2
• Not Sure 16.9 20.8 17.6 14.7

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Fund Public Schools so All Have Same Amount Per
Student

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Oppose 7.2 3.5 10.0 7.9
• Support 82.8 86.2 78.8 81.2
• Not Sure 9.8 10.0 11.0 10.7

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School Vouchers for Private School, Even if Takes
Away from Public Schools

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Oppose 37.9 30.7 23.6 45.6
• Support 46.3 52.4 61.4 42.7
• Not Sure 15.6 16.7 14.8 11.5

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Replace Multi-year Bilingual Instruction with
English Only After One Year

• Nation Chi metro Ill other Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Oppose 42.8 47.6 39.2 49.9
• Support 44.0 39.0 50.5 37.1
• Not Sure 12.9 13.1 10.1 12.8

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Government Should Provide Income Support to Those
Who Cannot Adequately Support Themselves

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Oppose 12.0 8.9 14.5 12.9
• Support 75.6 80.4 82.2 76.6
• Not Sure 12.2 10.4 3.1 10.3

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Same Sex Couples

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Legally Marry 19.8 22.4 19.7
  22.4
• Civil Union 7.0 7.6
  10.0 6.4
• No Legal 32.1 22.6 18.0 31.7
• Recognition
• DK 40.9 47.2 52.1 39.4

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Abortion Should Be

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Legal in All 10.5 12.8 11.0 5.8
• Circumstances
• Legal in Most 7.4 8.6 6.1 8.4
• Circumstances
• Legal When 48.2 47.2 46.1 53.2
• Necessary to Save
• Mother
• Illegal 20.1 14.7 22.0
  19.6
• Unsure 13.6 16.5 14.6 12.8

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Public Health Clinics/Hospitals in Spanish in
Your Community?

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Yes 79.9 83.3 71.4 77.1
• No 12.0 9.1 23.6 16.2
• DK 6.9 6.3 4.9 5.9
• Refused 1.0 1.2 0.0 0.6

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Police/Law enforcement, Courts/Legal
Representation in Spanish?

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Yes 69.4 67.2 64.1 61.8
• No 17.3 19.11 25.4 25.7
• DK 12.0 11.9 10.3 11.5
• Refused 1.1 1.7 0.0 0.7

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Information from Public Schools in Spanish?

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• ______________________________________
• Yes 78.0 83.8 75.4 75.5
• No 11.4 8.5 15.0 16.0
• DK 9.2 6.3 9.5 7.6
• Refused 1.2 1.2 0.0 0.7

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Neighborhood Impacted by Pollution, Toxic Waste,
Landfills?

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________
• No 65.2 67.4 70.1 71.6
• Yes 29.3 25.0 26.6 25.1
• DK 5.3 7.4 3.1 3.0

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Pollution, Toxic Waste More, Less, or Equally
Likely to be Located in Minority Neighborhoods?

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• ______________________________________
• More/Equally 50.2 51.6
  60.4 52.5
• Likely
• Less Likely 28.5 27.9
  19.8 28.6
• DK/Ref 21.1 20.4 19.6
  18.6

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Your Views ImmigrantsEffects on American Society

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Strengthen 91.0 95.3 94.7 92.5
• Country
• A Burden 8.9 4.6 5.2 7.4
• On Country

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Preferred Immigration Policy Proposals

• Nation Chi metro other Ill Iowa
• _______________________________________
• Legalization 42.5 45.1 46.3 41.1
• Guest worker 31.4 33.7 32.4 32.9
• Leading to
• legalization
• Guest worker 11.6 8.8 8.6 13.0
• Permits legalization
• Close border 4.5 3.3 3.8 3.2
• None 9.7 8.7 8.7 9.6

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Additional Information Regarding Latino National
Survey
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Latino National Survey Executive Summary
Demographic Tables Background Tables
Questionnaire and Toplines

• Available at the website of the Washington
  Institute for the Study of Ethnicity, Race, and
  Sexuality (WISER), University of Washington,
  Seattle
• http//depts.washington.edu/uwiser/LNS.shtml