The American Revolution

1
The American Revolution 1775-1783
2
The American Revolution
3
Causes of the Revolution

• Different Schools of Thought p. 162-163
• Whig View- championed in George Bancrofts 10
  volume history of the united states published
  between 1830-1870. Basically, the Revolution was
  romanticized as another chapter in the story of
  humanity seeking liberty and fulfillment of
  national destiny
• Imperial School- Challenged Bancroft and said the
  revolution was a constitutional conflict within
  the British Empire. America was moving towards
  self-government while Britain increasingly
  tightened its grip. Revolution came out of this
  conflict.

4
Causes of the Revolution
5
Causes of the Revolution

• Since 1950s, two school of thoughts dominate
• 1. Neo-Whig, as promoted by Bernard Bailyn,
  emphasizes the ideological and psychological
  motives for the Revolution. A return to
  Bancrofts theory.
• 2. Neo-Progressives- Emphasizes the
  socioeconomic struggle and class divisions within
  the colonies as leading cause of the Revolution
  along with provocations from the British
  Parliament

6
Causes of the Revolution
7
Causes of the Revolution
8
On the Eve of the Revolution ?
Britain Americans
Advantages ? ?
Disadvantages ? ?
9
Second Continental Congress

• Met for the first time on May 10, 1775.
• All 13 colonies were present
• Conservative element was strong and no widespread
  desire for independence- main goal was to
  continue fighting in the hope that the King and
  Parliament would address their grievances
• Drafted new appeals to Parliament and the King,
  but they were spurned
• Adopted measures to raise money and to create an
  army and navy. However, did not have the
  authority to tax
• Most important action was selecting George
  Washington to lead the army besieging Boston and
  to lead the Patriot effort

10
George Washington(Weaknesses)
-He never rose above the rank of colonel and his
largest command was 1200 soldiers
11
George Washington(Strengths)
12
George Washington

• His selection was largely political. He was a
  wealthy well-known Virginian, he could not be
  accused of seeking fortune.
• Most importantly, it helped mitigate jealously
  and suspicions due to the large New England force
  being collected around Boston
• Lastly, as an aristocrat, his peers believed he
  would check the excesses of the masses.

13
Washingtons Headaches

• Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war
  for independence the other third were Loyalists,
  and the final third were neutral.
• State/colony loyalties.
• Congress couldnt tax to raise money for the
  Continental Army.
• Poor training until the arrival of Baron von
  Steuben.

14
Military Strategies
The Americans
The British

• Attrition the Brits had a long supply line.
• Guerilla tactics fight an insurgent war ? you
  dont have to win a battle, just wear the British
  down
• Make an alliance with one of Britains enemies.

• Break the colonies in half by getting between the
  No. the So.
• Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods
  and supplies from an ally.
• Divide and Conquer ? use the Loyalists.

15
War of Inconsistency

• From April 1775-July 1776, as the colonists were
  claiming their loyalty to the King and trying to
  patch up their differences, they were engaged in
  fighting and shooting the Kings soldiers.

16
Bunker Hill

• May 1775, (three weeks after Lexington and
  Concord) Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold secured
  precious gunpowder and artillery at Ticonderoga
  and Crown Pointe. Also gained foothold on St.
  Lawrence Seaway, allowing the future attack on
  Canada
• June 1775, Patriots outshoot British at Bunker
  Hill as patriot sharpshooters mow down British
  soldiers. However, gunpowder ran out and the
  Patriots fled. 1054 British deaths to the
  American 440 deaths. In the end, the Americans
  lose because they had to flee. Proved to British
  that the Americans would not always run when
  faced the professional soldiers of the British
  army.
• However, the British Army was in disarray and
  near defeat.

17
Bunker Hill

• Just north of Boston, the British attacked in
  three frontal assaults on entrenchments. They
  suffered over 40 casualty rate due to the
  positioning of the American Sharpshooters.

18
Death of General Warren at Bunker Hill by John
Trumbull
19
Olive Branch Petition

• In July 1775, the Continental Congress adopted
  the Olive Branch Petition.
• Professed loyalty to the crown and begged the
  King to prevent further hostilities
• King slammed door on reconciliation due to the
  victory at Bunker Hill
• August 1775, King George III formally claimed the
  colonies to be in rebellion

20
Hessians

• After declaring colonies in rebellion of the
  crown, King George III made arrangements to hire
  German mercenaries
• This shocked the colonists who thought it was an
  affair within the family.
• Many became Hessian Flies, in search of booty
  and American land

21
Phase I The Northern Campaign1775-1776
22
The Canada Campaign
23
The Canada Campaign
24
Death of General MontgomeryJohn Trumbull
25
Evacuation Day

• March 1776, the British were finally forced to
  evacuate Boston.
• Evacuation Day is still celebrated today in
  Boston, feted on March 17.

26
Independence?

• As late as January 1776, colonists were still
  denying the desire for independence. Why?
• Loyalty to the empire was deeply engrained
• Many believed they were part of a transatlantic
  community with Mother England as the leading role
• Colonial Unity was poor
• Open rebellion was dangerous, just ask the Irish
• Even as late as January 1776, Washingtons
  officers were making toasts to the King
• But the hiring of Hessians and the burning of
  colonial towns of Norfolk and Falmouth shocked
  the colonists into seeing the benefits of
  independence

27
Common Sense

• Thomas Paine
• Came to the colonies in 1775
• Was a impoverished corset-maker
• Wrote the influential pamphlet Common Sense,
  which became a best seller
• Said that the colonists lack of desire for
  independence was against common sense since
  nowhere in the universe did the smaller heavenly
  body control the larger one.
• Also called the king a Brute.

28
Thomas Paine
29
Common Sense

• Called for a republic, where power came from the
  people themselves
• Popular in colonies because they viewed the royal
  acts over the past decade as a sign that the
  monarch was trying to strip them of their rights
  as British subjects

30
Common Sense

• Colonies prepared for Paines form of government
  due their experiences
• Town hall meetings
• Annual elections
• Committees of correspondence
• Absence of hereditary aristocracy

31
Common Sense

• Civic virtue or citizen virtue-
• Since power not with the king, people had to
  sacrifice their own personal self-interest to the
  public good
• Collective good of the people mattered more than
  the private rights and interests of the
  individual
• Paine argued the colonies were ripe for this type
  of civic or citizen virtue

32
Push towards Independence

• These United colonies are, and of right ought to
  be, free and independent states.
• Richard Henry Lee made this speech to Congress on
  June 7, 1776.
• Motion was passed, after much debate on June 2,
  1776.

33
Push towards Independence

• Lees resolution was the formal declaration of
  independence and all that was officially needed
  to cut ties with Britain, but.
• More was needed, an epochal rupture, to give a
  formal explanation
• Also, it needed to be an appeal to enlist other
  British colonies into the fight, to enlist
  foreign assistance, and to rally resistance to
  the crown at home.

34
Declaration of Independence

• Task of drafting it given to Thomas Jefferson-
• He was tall, freckled, sand-haired Virginian
  lawyer of 33 years of age.
• Recognized as a brilliant writer and lawyer
  despite his young age (he was younger than me
  when he drafted the Declaration)
• Formally approved on July 4, 1776 (fireworks on
  the 4th, not the 2nd, as John Adams predicted)

35
Declaration of Independence

• Youtube of Declaration
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vxcHF9tEWGVAsafety_
  modetruepersist_safety_mode1safeactive
• As we listen, follow along with your version of
  the Declaration.

36
Declaration of Independence

• Grievances filed against King George III
• Imposing taxes without consent
• Dispensing with trial by jury
• Abolishing valued laws
• Establishing a military dictatorship
• Maintaining standing armies in peacetime
• Cutting off trade
• Burning towns
• Hiring mercenaries
• And inciting hostility among the Indians

37
Declaration of Independence

• Contradictory because All men created equal was
  a fallacy, Jefferson himself owned slaves as well
  as many of the men who signed the document
• Nevertheless, the document has stood the test of
  time as numerous revolutionary movements have
  used its language against arbitrary authority.
• Lafayette himself hung one on his wall with room
  for a future French Declaration of the Rights of
  Man- born 13 years later

38
Loyalists

• War within in a war, Colonials loyal to the
  fought the American Patriots who also fought the
  Redcoats
• Loyalists also called Tories, after the dominant
  political faction in Britain. Patriots called
  Whigs, after the opposition factions in Britain.
• In reality, the American Revolution was a
  minority movement, with many Colonists apathetic
  (did not care) or neutral

39
Loyalists

• Loyalists, British, and Patriots not only fought
  each other, but also for the allegiance and
  support from the neutral civilian population
• Patriots proved to be more effective in this
  pursuit
• Loaded with Political zeal and the ability to
  convince neutral colonials that their fate lied
  with the Revolution and not the Redcoats and
  British

40
Loyalists

• Loyalists numbered around 16 of the colonial
  population
• Considered tragic figures because for centuries
  the colonials were taught loyalty to the king and
  country, which is usually regarded as an
  honorable thing. However, in the Revolutionary
  War, they are considered less favorably.
• Loyalists were usually members of the wealthy and
  educated classes and who generally were happy
  with their status within colonial society. They
  had more to lose with a revolution than to
  possibly gain. Also, they tended to be amongst
  the older generation
• Loyalists also were agents of the crown and
  officials in the Anglican Church and their
  congregations.

41
Loyalists

• Loyalists were most numerous where the Anglican
  Church was most prevalent, except for in
  Virginia.
• Also in New York City, Charleston, New Jersey,
  and Quaker Pennsylvania.
• Loyalists least numerous in New England and also
  where the Congregational and Presbyterian Church
  was strong. The rebels tended to live in these
  areas.

42
Loyalists

• After Declaration of Independence, many Loyalists
  were treated harshly by the rebels
• Imprisoned
• Handled roughly (tar and feathered etc)
• Some were hanged
• Overall, though, there was no reign of terror
  like in France or Russia. Leading Loyalists fled
  to British lines and safety.
• 80,000 of the most loyal were either driven out
  or fled
• 50,000 or so at one time or another during the
  war bore arms for the cause or acted as spies for
  the crown.

43
Loyalist Strongholds
44
Phase II NY PA1776-1778
45
New York and Middle Colonies Campaign

• After Boston was evacuated, British used New York
  as their base of operations (Loyalists present,
  centrally located, and great harbor)
• July, 1776, a huge British fleet of five hundred
  ships arrived with 35,000 men.

46
New York City in Flames(September, 1776)
47
New York and other Battles

• Summer and Fall of 1776, disaster occurred for
  the Americans as they lost the Battle of Long
  Island.
• Washington and troops narrowly escaped to
  Manhattan Island, and crossed Hudson river to New
  Jersey. Made his way to Delaware River
• General Howe failed to recognize the American
  forces were prime for defeat and he stopped the
  pursuit of Washington and the rebels

48
Washington Crossing the Delaware
Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851
49
Crossing the Delaware

• December 26, 1776, Washington stealthily crossed
  the icy Delaware River at Trenton
• Attacked and captured over 1,000 Hessians who
  were sleeping off their Christmas celebration
• Week later, defeated a small detachment at
  Princeton in New Jersey
• The two New Jersey victories showed Washington at
  his best and helped save morale for the American
  rebels

50
Hudson River Valley and Burgoynes Blunder

• British officials develop a complex scheme to
  capture Hudson River Valley in hope of cutting of
  New England from the other colonies
• Chose actor-playwright-soldier to lead the
  campaign General Burgoyne
• Fall 1776. Plan called for Burgoyne to push down
  Lake Champlain from Canada, Howes troops would
  push up from New York to meet in Albany, and
  General Barry St. Leger and his troops would come
  from the west from the Mohawk River

51
Hudson River Valley and Burgoynes Blunder

• British officials forgot about Arnold.
• Arnold kept a tattered army together and made a
  makeshift navy to fight the British in Lake
  Champlain.
• Arnolds tiny navy was defeated, but he gained
  time for the Rebels.
• British retired to Canada and had to launch the
  campaign the following year, from Montreal and
  not Fort Ticonderoga

52
Hudson River Valley and Burgoynes Blunder

• Invasion started with 7,000 soldiers, who had to
  cut their way through the forest. Progress was
  slow
• Howe, not following the plan, decides to attack
  Philadelphia, the rebel capital. Hoped to
  destroy Washingtons army to give Burgoyne an
  easier path. Washington will lose two battles at
  Brandywine Creek and Germantown. However, when
  Howe took Philadelphia, he decided to relax.

53
Valley Forge

• Washington and his troops retired to Valley
  Forge, 20 some miles northwest of Philadelphia.
  It was a hilly position.
• Misery, low supplies, terrible conditions, but
  Von Steuben whips them into a professional army

54
Saratoga Turning Point of the War?
A modern-day re-enactment
55
France

• France was looking for revenge after their loss
  in the Seven Years War
• Damage British prestige if they lose their
  American colonies
• Also, France hoped to possibly regain some of
  the land they had lost

56
Colonial Diplomacy

• Americans held some rebellious views on
  international relations and diplomacy
• End colonialism and mercantilism
• Free trade and freedom of the seas
• Rule of law should trump the rule of power
• Model Treaty, chief author was John Adams, who
  drafted it to guide the American diplomats in
  France. It stated
• No political connection
• No military connection
• Only a commercial connection

57
Colonial Diplomacy

• International diplomacy and relations influenced
  by enlightenment views that stated
• Military conflict would be abandoned for the
  mutual beneficial ties of commercial interests
• Obviously, this view was naïve and utopian, but
  it does help one understand the ideological
  aspect of American Diplomacy in its early years

58
Benjamin Franklin

• His clothing and persona deliberately violated
  the norms of diplomacy
• No ceremonial sword, a plain white walking stick
• Avoided regal outfits and wigs and wore homespun
  garments and a simple hat
• His appearance shocked the court of France with
  all their pomp and ceremony
• But he was admired by the Parisians because he
  represented a new social order devoid of pretense
  and nobility

59
Home Rule?

• After Saratoga, Parliament, in 1777,offered the
  colonies Home Rule. (a little too late perhaps)
• Franklin used this as bait to get the French to
  sign a treaty of alliance. Signed on Feb 6, 1778.
• Americas first entangling military alliance and
  against many of the protocols described in the
  Model treaty.
• Acknowledged American Independence and also gave
  very important military aid to the cause and
  France pledged to wage war until America secured
  its freedom

60
World War

• Catherine the Greats Armed Neutrality
• All remaining European neutrals aligned together
  in passive hostility against the British
• Spain and Holland also joined the American side.
  So France, America, Spain, and Holland aligned
  together

61
American Independence

• Independence does not really occur until the
  French enter the fight from 1778-1783
• Americans deserve credit for hanging on until
  1778, but they garner victory when the war
  becomes too big to handle for the British
• French forced British to change strategy and the
  French warships helped eliminate the British
  blockade
• The British decided to leave Philadelphia and
  focus their strength on New York City

62
Arnold Turned Traitor

• Plotted to sell out West Point, for 6,300 pounds
  and an officers position
• Felt his skills were not appreciated by the
  Colonial Army
• The news devasted Washington

63
Phase III The Southern Strategy
1780-1781 Roll up the colonies
64
Britains Southern Strategy

• Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in
  the South.
• Southern resources were more valuable/worth
  preserving.
• The British win a number of small victories, but
  cannot pacify the countryside (led by Cornwallis)
• Good US GeneralNathanial Greene (standing and
  retreating, wore out his foe

65
Dark Period of the War

• 1780-1781 were some of the darkest periods of the
  war
• Inflation was at its height (repay debts at 2.5
  cents on the dollar)
• Despair prevailed, sense if unity withered, and
  mutinous sentiments infected the army
• But Cornwallis was falling into a trap in the
  Chesapeake

66
Yorktown

• After an unsuccessful Virginian campaign,
  Cornwallis settles in Yorktown awaiting much
  needed supplies
• But the British had been blockaded by the French,
  no supplies coming
• De Grasse joins the fight with his naval
  bombardment, Washington and Rochambeau pinch
  Cornwallis in at Yorktown

67
The Battle of Yorktown (1781)
Count de Rochambeau
AdmiralDe Grasse
68
Cornwallis Surrender at Yorktown
The World Turned Upside Down!
Painted by John Trumbull, 1797
69
Peace Treaty

• Problems in Britain
• Loses in India and West Indies
• Minorca in Mediterranean had fallen
• Gibraltar ready to be taken over
• Lord Norths ministry collapsed
• A Whig ministry replaced the Tory regime
• Basically, they were ready for peace

70
Peace Treaty

• Three negotiators for the Americans
• Benjamin Franklin
• John Adams (New England)
• John Jay (New York)
• Told to make no separate peace and to
  negotiate/consult only with the French

71
Peace Treaty

• France
• Wanted to weaken Britain
• An independent America (kinda)
• Wanted to keep them cooped up east of the
  Allegheny
• Spain
• Wanted Gibralter, but this seemed harder than
  thought
• Land west of the Allegheny
• France caught between aiding Spain and American,
  John Jay saw this

72
Peace Treaty

• Secretly negotiates with Britain who wanted to
  entice one of their enemies from the alliance
• Treaty of Paris 1783
• United States recognized as independent
• Mississippi to the west, Great lakes in North,
  Spanish Florida in South

73
Peace Treaty

• Americans had to do the following
• No more persecution of loyalists
• Confiscated loyalist property was to be returned,
  or recommended to state legislatures to return it
• States vowed to put no lawful obstacles in the
  way of collecting debt owed to British creditors

74
North America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783
75
Why so Kind?

• Trying to Seduce America from the French alliance
• Whigs more friendly to the Americans than the
  Tories
• Stop the bleeding, open up old trade channels,
  and prevent further wars over the
  trans-applachian area

76
Articles of Confederation Government 1781-1789
77
Egalitarian Ideas

• With the loss of 80,000 Loyalists, the
  conservative ballast was lost and paved the way
  for the Patriot élites to emerge.
• Also allowed for more egalitarian ideas to come
  to the forefront

78
Egalitarian Ideas

• Property requirements for voting reduced
• Everyone was a Mr. or Mrs, usually reserved for
  wealthy and highborn
• Indentured servitude essentially eliminated by
  1800
• Society of Cincinnati ridiculed for their
  exclusive hierarchy order
• Trade organizations emerge for artisans and
  laborers

79
Egalitarian Ideas

• Fight for separation of church and state
• Anglican Church was disestablished and
  reorganized as the Protestant Episcopal Church.
• Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
• Argued for by Jefferson and passed in 1786
• Congregationalist church remained established
  though

80
Egalitarian Ideas

• Views towards slavery change
• Philadelphia Quakers found first anti-slavery
  society in 1775
• Continental Congress in 1774 called for the
  abolition of slavery
• Several Northern States abolished slavery
  completely or provided gradual emancipation of
  blacks
• However, many just paper laws. No state south of
  Pennsylvania abolished slavery, and in both he
  north and south, laws discriminated against freed
  blacks (barred from purchasing certain products,
  certain jobs, and educating their children.
  Interracial marriage also banned.

81
Why no fight against slavery?

• Many believe that the Founding Fathers pushed the
  slavery issue to the side in fear that it would
  fracture an already fragile union
  (confederation).
• Great as the evil of slavery is, a
  dismemberment of the union would be worse.
  James Madison in 1787

82
Republican Motherhood

• Recently, this was a DBQ question on the test.
• Central to republicanism was civic virtue.
• So women concluded that they could serve the new
  nation and republic by being great wives and
  mothers.
• Elevates women to a new prestigious role of
  keepers of the national conscience.
• As a result, educational opportunities expand for
  woman with the idea they will be better equipped
  to educate their children and nurture republican
  ideas in their husbands and children.
• Ultimately, it gave an important role to women in
  the new Nation

83
State Constitutions

• States asked to write new constitutions that
  would give authority to the people
• Massachusetts, they had a special convention in
  which the people directly voted to ratify the
  Constitution.
• Only could be changed by a constitutional
  convention.
• These concepts used when drafting and ratifying
  the federal Constitution

84
State Constitutions

• Similarities
• Power came from the people, not the King
• Contracts that defined the powers of government
• Most had a bill of rights
• All created weak judicial and executive branches
• Legislature given sweeping powers, because
  believed to be the most democratic
• Also, in many states, the power of the western
  settlements was growing, as noted by many
  capitals moving to the interior of the states
  such as New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, ,
  North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

85
State Constitutions

• Republicanism.
• Most had strong governors with veto power.
• Most had bicameral legislatures.
• Property required for voting.
• Some had universal white male suffrage.
• Most had bills of rights.
• Many had a continuation of state-established
  religions while others disestablished religion.

86
Occupational Composition of Several State
Assembliesin the 1780s
87
Economic Changes

• Large loyalist or royal lands carved up and
  turned into small farms
• Nonimportation acts helped create an emerging
  manufacturing society
• However, American ships barred from Britain and
  the West Indies
• Ingenious Yankees found new markets for their
  goods, such as the Baltic seas and China seas.

88
Economic Changes

• Overall, the economic climate was not great
• Country was bankrupt and so were many states.
  They were unable to pay off loans
• Horrible inflation
• In reality, most probably worse off than before
  the war

89
WholesalePriceIndex1770-1789
90
Challenges

• Tough to set up a new government, but more
  difficult to set up a new type of government
• Economic challenges such as debt, inflation, and
  cheap goods from Britain made growth difficult
• Natural disposition to distrust authority
• No war meant no common cause to create unity
• Worst of the post-war years was 1786

91
Any Hope?

• Despite challenges, hope still was present that a
  new nation could be created.
• 13 sovereign states were basically alike in
  government and also with similar states
  constitutions
• Rich tradition of democracy from inherited
  British institutions and from years of home rule
  through salutary neglect
• Great political leaders with men like Washington,
  Madison, John Adams, Jefferson, and Hamilton

92
Articles of Confederation

• Adopted by Second Continental Congress in 1777
• After Saratoga, translated to French in hope of
  proving to the French that America had a real
  government
• Not ratified by all 13 states until 1781

93
State Claims to Western Lands
94
Articles of Confederation

• Main argument against ratification had to do with
  western lands
• Six land- hungry states including Maryland and
  Pennsylvania had no holdings beyond Allegheny
  Mountains, while 7 states like New York and
  Virginia had huge amounts of acreage.
• Land-hungry states argued that all the states
  fought for independence and that the land
  fortunate states have the land thanks to everyone
• Many believed the land fortunate states could
  sell off lands to pay war debts while land-hungry
  were not so lucky and would need to tax more
• So, why not turn all this land over to the
  central/federal government?

95
Articles of Confederation

• To ratify, all 13 states needed to approve the
  Articles.
• Maryland holds out until 1781 when New York
  surrendered its western claims
• Congress decided they would take care of these
  vast areas for the common good
• Also stated these areas would eventually become
  states
• Lands in the hands of the federal government
  meant that a union or bond was made, because if a
  state wanted to reap the rewards of these lands,
  they needed to be committed to the Union

96
Weaknesses of theArticles of Confederation

• A unicameral Congress 9 of 13 votes to pass a
  law.
• 13 out of 13 to amend.
• Representatives were frequently absent.
• Could not tax or raise armies.
• No executive or judicial branches.
• Articles of Confusion
• Could not regulate commerce, which meant each
  state acted independently

97
Weaknesses of theArticles of Confederation

• Congress hobbled by fact each state had one vote.
  So Rhode Island as powerful as Virginia
• Congress, even though the strongest, was weak.
  The States had no interest in giving up any
  sovereignty over taxation and commerce.
  Remember, they just fought a war to win these
  things from Britain

98
Positives?

• As weak as they were, important steps in
  government
• Loose model of what a confederation could be
• Comparing to Europe, for Jefferson, Articles were
  heaven to hell.
• Important stepping stone towards Constitution
• Kept alive the idea of a union and confederation

99
Old Northwest

• Land acquired by central government from the
  states. Articles were weak, but legislation in
  regards to Old North West was sound governance.
• Land Ordinance of 1785
• Acreage of Old Northwest would be sold and
  proceeds used to pay off national debt
• Townships of six square miles and into thirty-six
  1 mile square miles parcels
• 16th section/parcel set aside for public schools
• Allowed for peaceful and organized settling of
  Northwest

100
Land Ordinance of 1785
101
Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• One of the major accomplishments of the
  Confederation Congress!
• Statehood achieved in three stages
• Congress appointed 3 judges a governor to
  govern the territory.
• When population reached 5,000 adult male
  landowners ? elect territorial legislature.
• When population reached 60,000 ? elect delegates
  to a state constitutional convention.

102
The United States in 1787
103
Foreign Relations

• Relations with Britain difficult under the
  Articles and no minister for 8 years. Britain
  joked they would need to send 13 anyways.
• Britain also declined to make any commercial
  treaties or to repeal Navigation Laws
• Lord Sheffield (member of Parliament) wrote a
  pamphlet stating that trade would eventually
  follow old channels, so why go to the Americans
  hat in hand?
• West Indies ports and trade closed off to the
  United States

104
Foreign Relations

• British misdeeds
• Scheming agents tried to annex Vermont
• Redcoats, along northern border, had trading
  posts on U.S. soil
• Perhaps because states did not hold up their side
  of the treaty in regards to debt and loyalists
• Many wanted Congress to force British into line,
  but without the ability to enforce commerce under
  the articles, they were handcuffed. Some states
  deliberately lowered tariffs to attract more
  British trade

105
American Exports, To From Britain 1783-1789
106
Disputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain the
U. S.1783-1796
107
Foreign Relations

• Spain
• Even though Spain was an ally during the war,
  relations were sour after
• Spain controlled New Orleans and western farmers
  and merchants had to use the Mississippi to
  transport goods. In 1784, Spain closed off the
  Mississippi to American commerce
• Claimed land north of the gulf of mexico as their
  own even though Britain granted it to the United
  States. Spain controlled a fort in this area
  (Natchez)
• Schemed with Native Americans in an attempt to
  keep the Americans east of the Appalachians.

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Foreign Relations

• France even had cooled off
• Restricted trade with the French West Indies
• Demanded payment of loans given to US throughout
  the war
• Pirates in North Africa, including Dey of
  Algiers, were ravaging trade in the Mediterranean
  for American merchants.
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  relatedsafety_modetruepersist_safety_mode1sa
  feactive

109
Shays Rebellion 1786-7

• Daniel Shays
• Western MA
• Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

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Shays Rebellion 1786-7
111
Shays Rebellion 1786-7
There could be no stronger evidence of the want
of energy in our governments than these disorders.
-- George Washington
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Annapolis Convention (1786)

• 12 representatives from 5 statesNY, NJ, PA, DE,
  VA
• GOAL ? address barriers that limited trade and
  commerce between the states.
• Not enough states were represented to make any
  real progress.
• Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting
  of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to
  examine areas broader than just trade and
  commerce.

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Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the
End of the War