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GOUT

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GOUT * * Prevention of recurrent attack Inhibition of uric acid synthesis Allopurinol Uricosuric drugs - Probenacid - Sulfinpyrazone Inhibition of uric acid synthesis ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: GOUT


1
GOUT
2
By
  • Prof. Azza El-Medany
  • Dr. Osama Yousf

3
OBJECTIVES
  • At the end of lectures students should
  • Define gout
  • Describe outlines of treatment
  • Describe treatment of acute gouty arthritis
  • Describe the mechanism of action , clinical uses
    side effects of drugs used in acute attacks

4
OBJECTIVES ( continue)
  • Classify drugs used in chronic treatment
  • Define each group of drugs
  • Describe the mechanism of action, clinical uses
    side effects drug interactions for drugs used
    in chronic treatment

5
What is gout?
Breakdown of product of the bodys purine
(nucleic acid) metabolism.
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ASYMPTOMATIC STAGE
  • urate levels rise in the blood, but produces no
    symptoms

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ACUTE STAGE
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INTERCRITICAL STAGE
  • symptom-free intervals between gout episodes.
    Most people have a second attack from six months
    to two years, while others are symptom-free for
    five to 10 years.

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CHRONIC STAGE
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What is the treatment of gout ?
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Non-pharmacologicTherapy
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Control.
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DRUGS USED IN TEATMENT OF GOUT
  • Most therapeutic strategies for gout involve
    lowering the uric acid level below the saturation
    point (lt6 mg/dL), thus preventing the deposition
    of urate crystals.
  • This can be accomplished by
  • interfering with uric acid synthesis with
    allopurinol
  • increasing uric acid excretion with probenecid or
    sulfinpyrazone
  • inhibiting leukocyte entry into the affected
    joint with colchicine,
  • administration of NSAIDs

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Aaarrrgghhh!!
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1. NSAIDs
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NSAIDs
  • drugs of choice for young, healthy adults without
    any other serious medical condition
  • usually taken orally at their highest safe dosage
    as long as gout symptoms persist and for three or
    four days after
  • low doses of NSAIDs may be used to prevent gout
    attacks, including in patients who are starting
    anti-hyperuricemic therapies.

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2. Colchicine
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  • Basyir Bin Kamaruzaman (15)

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OVERVIEW
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MECHANISM OF ACTIONS
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PHARMACOKINETICS
PHAPHARMACOKINETICS
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THERAPEUTIC USES
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Adverse effects
  • Diarrhea is a common adverse effect. May cause
    nausea, vomiting ,abdominal cramps.
  • Chronic use may cause, alopecia, bone marrow
    depression, peripheral neuritis, myopathy.
  • Also, affect fertility

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Inhibition of uric acid synthesis
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Mechanism of action
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Pharmacokinetics
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Therapeutic Uses
  • It is drug of choice in patient with both gout
    coronary artery disease

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  • Severe tophaceous deposits (uric acid deposits in
    tissues)

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  • High serum uric acid in patients with impaired
    renal functions.

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  • uric acid stones or nephropathy.

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  • used to prevent increased uric acid levels in
    patients receiving cancer chemotherapy

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ALLOPURINOL(SIDE EFFECTS AND DRUG INTERACTIONS)
44
Side Effects (most common)
Prolong and exacerbation an acute attack of gout
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Maculopopular skin rash
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nausea, diarrhea
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Side Effects (less common)
Body fever, headache
CVS vasculitis
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Hemic and Lymphatic Thrombocytopenia
Respiratory Epistaxis
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Drug Interactions
  • With oral anticoagulant
  • warfarin
  • and dicumarol
  • inhibits their metabolism

50
  • With anticancer
  • Reduce the metabolism of
  • 6-mercaptopurine
  • and azathioprine
  • Requring reduction of
  • Dosage up to 75

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  • Prolongs half life of
  • Chlorpropamide
  • both compete for
  • excretion in
  • renal tubule

With ampicillin Increases frequency of skin rash
52
Uricosuric drugs
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Mechanism of action
  • Uricosuric drugs ( probenecid, sulfinpyrazone,
    large dose of aspirin)
  • block the active transport sites of the proximal
    tubules(middle segment , decrease the
    reabsorption of uric acid increase the amount
    excreted

54
Clinical uses
  • Chronic gout (urine volume should be maintained
    at a high level,and urinary pH kept alkaline ).
  • Probenecid is used to prolong the action of
    some antibiotics e.g. penicillin.

55
Side effects
  • Exacerbation of acute attack
  • Risk of uric acid stone
  • GIT upset
  • Allergic rash

56
Contra-indication
  • Previous urinary tract stone
  • Impaired renal function
  • Recent acute gout
  • Co-administration of low dose aspirin

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DRUG INTERACTIONS
  • Aspirin can prevent probenecid from being fully
    effective

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DRUG INTERACTIONS
  • Sulfinpyrazone can aggravate peptic ulcer
    disease
  • Aspirin products can interfere with
    sulfinpyrazone's effects
  • Sulfinpyrazone can enhance the action of certain
    diabetes medicines

59
SUMMARY
  • Gout is a form of arthritis that is characterized
    by sudden , severe attacks of pain, redness and
    tenderness.
  • Gout is caused by deposits of uric acid crystals
    in a joint
  • Uric acid is a waste product formed from the
    breakdown of purines.

60
SUMMARY ( continue)
  • Treatment of gout includes
  • Treatment of acute attacks
  • Prevention of future attacks
  • Treatment of chronic gout

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SUMMARY (continue)
  • Drugs used for acute attacks includes
  • NSAIDs ( selective or non-selective)
  • Colchicine interfere with the migration of
    granulocytes to the site of inflammation
    reduce the release and synthesis of leukotriens
  • Main adverse effects includes

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SUMMARY ( continue)
  • Diarrhea
  • Skin rash
  • Kidney, liver CNS injury
  • Drugs used for chronic treatment includes
  • Uricosuric drugs that increase urinary excretion
    of uric acid

63
SUMMARY ( continue)
  • Probenecid sulfinpyrazone
  • Their main adverse effects includes
  • Gastrointestinal problems
  • Skin rashes
  • Leukopenia
  • Anti-hyperuricemic drugs that reduce the
    production of uric acid

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SUMMARY ( continue)
  • Allopurinol is an oxidase inhibitor
  • Used in patients with elevated blood uric acid
    level
  • Or in patients with tendency for renal stone
    formation
  • Its main adverse effects includes
  • Gastric problems

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SUMMARY ( continue)
  • Skin rashes
  • Leukopenia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Allopurinol reduces the metabolism of some drugs
    including azathioprime , this needs reduction of
    the doses of these drugs up to 75
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