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AKS 35: Early African Civilizations

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AKS 35: Early African Civilizations Chapters 8 & 15 – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: AKS 35: Early African Civilizations


1
AKS 35Early African Civilizations
  • Chapters 8 15

2
35a - identify the Bantu migration patterns and
contribution to settled agriculture
  • WARM-UP

3
Causes of Migration
  • Push-Pull Factors
  • Push Factors
  • Environmental
  • Climate changes exhausted resources
    earthquakes volcanoes drought famine
  • Economic
  • Unemployment slavery
  • Political
  • Religious, ethnic, or political persecution war

4
Causes of Migration
  • Pull Factors
  • Environmental
  • Abundant land new resources good climate
  • Economic
  • Employment opportunities
  • Political
  • Political and/or religious freedom

5
Effects of Migration
  • Brings diverse cultures into contact
  • Changes life in the new land

6
How Do We Trace Migration?
  • One way is to study how language is spread
  • Africa has many complex language families

7
Case-StudyBantu Migrations
  • Originally lived in savanna south of Sahara
  • Bantu means the people

8
Case-StudyBantu Migrations
  • Started migrating south east around 3,000 B.C.
  • Lived by slash-and-burn farming nomadic herding
  • Slash-and-burn farming causes soil to lose its
    fertility quickly, forcing them to look for new
    locations every few years
  • Shared skills, learned new customs, adapted to
    environment

9
Causes of Bantu Migrations
  • Bantu speakers moved to find farmland
  • As agriculture developed, this led to
    specialization and permanent villages in many
    areas
  • To flee the growing Sahara Desert
  • Needed iron ore resources hardwood forests for
    iron smelting
  • Within 1500 years, they reached the southern tip
    of Africa

10
Effects of Bantu Migrations
  • Bantu speakers drove out some inhabitants,
    intermixed with others
  • Bantu migrations produced a great variety of
    cultures
  • Language helped unify the continent
  • Technology of ironworking
  • Forged tools weapons from bronze, copper iron
  • Ideas about social political organization

11
35b describe the development and decline of the
Sudanese kingdoms (Ghana, Mali, Songhai)
including the roles of Sundiata, and the
pilgrimage of Mansa Musa to Mecca
  • WARM-UP

12
BackgroundAfrican Societies (800-1500)
  • Hunter-Gatherers
  • Semi-nomadic lived by gathering wild foods
    hunting animals
  • The Efe were hunter-gatherers who traded with
    farming villages
  • The San (aka Bushmen) lived in southern Africa
    and part of East Africa

13
BackgroundAfrican Societies (800-1500)
  • Stateless Societies
  • No centralized power
  • Power balanced among lineage groups, usually
    within villages
  • Tiv had no formal govt
  • Igbo resolved disputes by having elders from
    different lineages meet
  • Nuer organized over 250,000 people without an
    official ruler

14
BackgroundAfrican Societies (800-1500)
  • Muslim States
  • Two Groups
  • Almoravid Empire
  • In 11th century, they controlled Mauritania,
    Morocco, Algeria, and part of Spain
  • Almohad Empire
  • Beginning in the mid-1100s, they controlled
    Morocco, much of Maghrib, and part of Spain

15
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16
Key to Trade
  • CAMELS
  • Causes
  • Berbers began using camels because they could
    cover greater distances than pack animals (60
    miles per day)
  • Could travel more than 10 days without water
    (twice as long as most pack animals)
  • Effects
  • Using camels, Berber nomads created new routes
    across the Sahara trade increased

17
West AfricaGhana
  • Grew from Kumba tribe around A.D. 200
  • Used iron weapons to conquer neighbors
  • Very wealthy due to surplus of gold and from
    taxing goods traders carried through their
    territory
  • Ghanas king was able to keep the price of gold
    high by limiting its supply
  • Traded gold for salt (for meat preservation)
  • Islam brought by traders attacked by Muslim
    Almoravids in 1076
  • This disrupted the gold-salt trade that Ghana had
    controlled. Ghana never regained power.

18
West AfricaMali
  • Reached its peak from 1230-1337
  • How?
  • Gold was discovered farther east, causing a shift
    eastward in trade routes
  • The people of Mali, who lived in the region of
    the new trade routes, were able to seize power.
  • Larger richer than Ghana
  • Capital Timbuktu
  • Mali where the king lives

19
West AfricaMali
  • Sundiata Keita
  • 1st great leader of Mali
  • Took title of mansa emperor
  • Took over Ghana a few trading cities period
    of peace prosperity followed
  • Accomplishments
  • Put able administrators in charge of Malis
    finances, defense, foreign affairs
  • Promoted agriculture
  • Re-established the gold-salt trade
  • Died in 1255

20
West AfricaMali
  • Mansa Musa (1312-1332)
  • Grandnephew of Sundiata, became a Muslim
  • Expanded size of the empire
  • Divided it into provinces appointed governors
  • Built mosques in Timbuktu Gao
  • Went on a pilgrimage (Hajj) to Mecca in 1324
  • Gave away gold and jewels along the way to show
    Malis strength and wealth

21
West AfricaSonghai
  • Began to grow as Mali declined
  • Mali declined because
  • most of Mansa Musas successors did not govern
    well
  • New gold deposits were developed and trade
    shifted eastward again
  • Took over the trade routes from the Atlantic
    Ocean to Gao (capital)

22
West AfricaSonghai
  • Sunni Ali
  • Became leader of Songhai in 1464
  • Ruled for 30 years
  • Expanded empire through his skill as a military
    commander and his aggressive leadership
  • Conquered Timbuktu in 1468
  • Died in 1492

23
West AfricaSonghai
  • Askia Muhammad
  • Led revolt against the son of Sunni Ali and took
    over
  • Ruled for 37 years
  • Set up tax system and an efficient government
  • He was overthrown in 1591 by the army from
    Morocco who had advanced technology (Guns and
    cannons)

24
35c describe the trading networks by examining
trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, and slaves
including the Swahili trading cities
  • Swahili blend of Bantu Arabic languages (a
    language of trade)

25
TradeGold, Salt, Slaves
  • Gold-Salt Trade
  • Gold ? from West African forest region south of
    savanna between Niger Senegal rivers
  • Salt ? from Sahara desert
  • Merchants brought each back and forth between
    trading cities where they exchanged the goods

26
TradeGold, Salt, Slaves
  • Swahili Trading Cities
  • Role of Monsoons
  • Traders took advantage of the monsoons to sail
    across Indian Ocean to East Africa
  • Kilwa
  • This city was as far south as a ship from India
    could sail and still sail home during the same
    monsoon season
  • Trade goods from the south had to funnel into
    Kilwa so Asian merchants could buy them allowed
    Kilwa to become very wealthy

27
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28
TradeGold, Salt, Slaves
  • Slave Trade
  • Arab Muslim traders exported enslaved persons
    from East African coast to places like India,
    China, Iraq, Persia, Arabia
  • Numbers traded remained small (perhaps 1,000 a
    year)
  • Did not increase dramatically until 1700s when
    Europeans started to buy captured Africans for
    their colonial plantations

An Arab slave market in Yemen, A.D. 1237
29
35d analyze the process of religious syncretism
as a blending of traditional African beliefs
(animism) with new ideas from Islam and
Christianity
  • WARM-UP

30
What is religious syncretism?
  • The blending of old beliefs with new ones
  • Example
  • Blending Animism (traditional African belief)
    with Islam and Christianity

31
How did religious syncretism occur?
  • Trade and Conquest
  • traders introduced Islam Christianity ? the
    growth of commerce caused the religions to spread
  • How?
  • As wealthy merchants rulers did business with
    traders, they shared their religion as well
  • Some held on to some of their traditional
    religious beliefs, but mixed their beliefs with
    aspects of Islam or Christianity that they liked

Map on Next Slide ?
32
Chart on Next Slide ?
33
MAJOR TRADE NETWORKS
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