(Poirier 2000)

1
????????????????????
2
?????
????????????????????????????????
??????????
?????
?.1.1 ????????? (Poirier 2000)
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??????????
1.?????????? QKdT/dZ 1x10-6 cal/cm2 sec
4.2x10-2 J/sec m2 1 HFU K(????)5x10-3 cal/cm
sec K ????? dT/dZ 20 K/km 2.?????
Geothermometer ????????????????????????(pyroxene
geothermometer) 3.???????? 410km(1450C),
660km(1600C) ?????????? 4.????????????? 5.?????
???????????????????????????????????? 6.???????
?????
4
1.?????????? ?????(mW/m2) ????????? ??????(????)
???? ????????????? QKdT/dZ 1x10-6 cal/cm2
sec 4.2x10-2 J/sec m2 1 HFU K(????)5x10-3
cal/cm sec K ????? dT/dZ 20 K/km
?????? ??????????????????????????,????????????????
??,??????????,????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????Q????,QKdT/dh????,K??????
?????????????,K?1.310-44.210-4W/mK(0.0030.01c
al/cmsK)?????????????? ?????????,??????????????
????????????,?????????????????????????????????????
????,??????????6.910-2W/m2(1.6510-6cal/cm2s)???
???,??????????, 110-6cal/cm2s1HFU??????????????
??????
5
???
?????(mW/m2) ????????? ??????(????)????
????????????? QKdT/dZ
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??????????,??????????6.910-2W/m2(1.65HFU)???,????
????? ? ??????,??????????????????,????????????????
??,-???????????????????? ? ??????,???????????,????
????????????????????????????
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????????????????????????,???,?????????????????,???
??????????????????,??????
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????? Geothermometer
???????????
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2.????? Geothermometer ????????????????????????(p
yroxene geothermometer)
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Garnet-clinopyroxene thermometry
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3.???????? 410km(1450C), 660km(1600C) ??????????
?????????? ?????????
410 km???????? Olivine-Wadsleyite ?? 660
km???????? Ringwoodite?????
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?????????? ?????????
1600oC
1450oC
660 km???????? Ringwoodite?????
410 km???????? Olivine-Wadsleyite ??
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???????? 410km(1450C), 660km(1600C) ??????????
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??????
????????
(?V / ? T)p(?T / ?S)p V(V-1 (?V / ? T))
T(T-1(?T / ?S)p aVT/Cp
???????????? dT/dZ ad
??????? dP rgdZ ???????????
dT/dZ ad (aVT/Cp)rg gaT/Cp
?????????????????????????a 10-5 K-1? g 10
ms-2?T 2000K?Cp 103 J kg-1 K-1 ????
dT/dZad 0.2 K/km
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????????????????
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H, He, C, N, O
???? 365 GPa 6000 K
Mg, Si, Fe
?????? 330 GPa 5000 K
??????? 135 GPa 3000 K
135 GPa and 3000K at the core-mantle boundary,
330 GPa and 5000K at inner core-outer core
boundary, 365 GPa and 6000K at the center of the
Earth.
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??????
19
????????
Fe????????????????????????
abcc
gfcc
ehcp
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?36
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Mg/Si ratio of the mantle Volatility (e.g.,
McDonough, 2003) vs Removal of Si into Core
(e.g., ONeil, 1991 Allegre et al., 2001)
Removal of Si from the mantle by metallic iron
may explain Mg/Si ratio of the mantle Entry of
57 of Si into the core?
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???(H, C, O, Si, S)????
???????? (e.g. Birch, 1952 Ringwood, 1959)
Si
????????C1????????????????
(e.g. Ringwood, 1959 Allegre et al., 1995)
????????????????????
( e.g. Birch, 1952 Ringwood, 1959)
??????????????Si ??????????Si ?1420 wt
????? ? 20 wt ???Ringwood
(1959) (C1????????????) ? 18 wt
???Poirier (1994) (??????????) ??? ? 14-20
wt ???Balchan and Cowan (1966)
(???????)
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????????
???????????????
CMB???
???????????? ?????????????????
ICB???
?????????????????? ????????????
?????????????? ????????????????????
http//www.axialis.com/
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????????
????
????????
??????????????????
????
??
ICB
CMB
??????? ??????(2005)?????
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1-1. Introduction

• ??????

• ?????
• ?????10???
• ?????
• ?????5???

??5
Mao et al. (1990)
??10
Brown and McQueen (1986)
??? H, C, O, Si, S (Poirier, 1994)
After Boehler (2000)
????? (a)??????
a01010-5
n5
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Simons equation
(P-P0)/a(Tm/T0)c-1
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?????
ICB????????Fe-17 wtSi???????
Simon?? (P-P0)/a(Tm/T0)c-1
Fe-17 wtSi
??
????
ICB
CMB
CMB???3300 K?ICB???4000 K
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Fe and Fe-Si
Fe?Fe-17 wt Si??????????
Si?Fe?????????
120 GPa?500 K???
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??????????
??????????????????????
Fe-???(Si, S??)?melting
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????????????????
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?????? ????????????? ??????????????????????????
??????????????????????????,???????????????,????(??
?)?????????,??????????????????????????????????????
???????????,?????????????????? ????????????
????????????,??????????????????????????U,Th,K?,???
????????????????????????????,?????(???????)???????
????,??????????????????????? ????????????????????
?????????????????,?????????????????????????,??????
??1??9.51020J/?,45?????7.21021J/?????
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??????
??????????????????????????1.37kW/m2(????)?????????
?
???? ???????????80mW/m2
Qout 44 TW (?????) 44X1012 W
????

• ???????(????????????????????)
• ????? 235U, 238U, 232Th, 40KQR 24 TW
  (??????????)
• ?????????? Qc 3-10 TW (?????????????????)
• ?? ???? 2-9 TW
• ????????? 0.34 TW
• ?????????????? 0.66 TW

?????(Urey Ratio) ????????/???????? QR/Qout
24/440.55
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? 4.
6
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Geologically Useful Decay Schemes
Parent Daughter Half-life (years)
235U 207Pb 4.5 x 109 238U 206Pb 0.71 x
109 40K 40Ar 1.25 x 109 87Rb 87Sr 47 x
109 14C 14N 5730
232Th 1.405x1010
228Ra
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? 6
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? 5
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Neutrino geophysics provides a direct
measurement of the distribution of radiogenic
elements in the earth
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Neutrino geophysics
K
Th
U
Beta decay produces electrons and anti-neutrinos
(geo-neutrino)
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Neutrino detector at Kamioka mine, KamLAND
Geological map
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(No Transcript)
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?????????
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?????(Muon)????
?????????????????????. ????????????,???????????.??
?????????????????????????????.????????????????????
????,????????????????????????????????????????????.
(Tanaka, Nagamine et al., 2001
http//www.kek.jp/newskek/ 2002/novdec/muon.html)
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49
???
Tanaka, Nagamine et al., 2001 http//www.kek.jp/n
ewskek/ 2002/novdec/muon.html
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50
Tanaka, Nagamine et al., 2001 http//www.kek.jp/n
ewskek/ 2002/novdec/muon.html
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