Vascularity and innervation of head and neck

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Vascularity and innervation of head and neck
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Composition

• Cardiovascular system?????
• Lymphatic system ????

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The cardiovascular system

• Organization
• Heart ?
• A muscle pump to maintain the flow of blood,
• Consist of four chambers (right and left atria,
  right and left ventricles)
• Artery ?? a. carry
  blood away from the heart
• Veins ?? v. carry
  blood back to the heart
• Capillary ????microscopic vessels, the area of
  exchange between blood and tissue fluid

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Blood circulation

• Systemic circulation ??? left
  ventricle?aorta and its branches?capillaries of
  body?superior and inferior vena cava?right atrium
• Pulmonary circulation ???right ventricle?pulmonary
  a.?capillaries of lung?pulmonary v.?right atrium

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Vascular anastomosis ????

• Anastomosis between a.
• Anastomosis between v.
• Arteriolovenular anastomosis ?????
• Collateral vessels???
• Circulation????

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The Arteries

• Characteristics
• Symmetry ??
• In the trunk of the body consist parietal and
  visceral branches ?????
• Shortest possible course
• Run on flexor surfaces
• Usually do not pass directly through muscles,
  avoiding compression
• Together with the veins and nerves in a sheath of
  fascia to form neurovascular bundle ?????

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Arteries of systemic circulation ??????

• Aorta ???
• Ascending aorta ????
• Aortic arch ????
• Brachiocephalic trunk ???
• right common carotid a. ?????
• right subclavian a. ??????
• Left common carotid a. ?????
• Left subclavian a. ??????
• Descending aorta ????
• Thoracic aorta ????
• Abdominal aorta ????

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• Arteries of head and neck
• Common carotid a.????
• External carotid a. ????
• Internal carotid a. ????
• Subclavian a. ?????

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• Arteries of upper limb
• Axillary a. ???
• Brachial a. ???
• Radial a. ???
• Ulnar a. ???
• Superficial palmar arch ???
• deep palmar arc ???

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The Veins ??

• General feature
• Thin walls, larger lumens, venous valves, venous
  plexus, venous rete
• Two sets
• Superficial vein
• Deep veins
• Special structures
• sinuses of dura mater ????
• diploic veins ????

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Venous valve
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Diploic veins
Sinuses of dura mater
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Superior vena cava and its tributaries

• Veins of head and neck
• Internal jugular vein
• External jugular vein
• Brachiocephalic vein venous angle

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• Veins of upper limb
• Deep vein have the same names as their companion
  arteries
• Superficial veins
• cephalic v. ???
• basilica v. ????
• median cubital v. ?????

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• Veins of thorax
• Superior vena cava ????
• Azygos v. ???
• Hemiazygos v. ????
• accessory hemiazygos v.?????
• Veins of vertebral column ????

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The Lymphatic System
Heart
Vein
Lymphatic duct
Artery
Lymphatic trunk
Capillaries
Lymphatic node
Cell
Tissue fluid
Lymphatic capillary
Lymphatic vessel
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• Composition
• Lymphatic vessel
• Lymphatic capillary
• Lymphatic vessels two sets, superficial and deep
• Lymphatic trunks nine
• Lymphatic ducts thoracic duct, right lymphatic
  duck
• Lymphatic organ
• Lymphatic nodes
• Tonsil, spleen, thymus
• Lymphatic tissue

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Lymphatic capillary
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Afferent vessels
Afferent vessels
Lymphatic node
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• Thoracic duct
• Right lymphatic duck

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Introduction of the nervous system

• ??????? ?????
• ???

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The Nervous System --Divisions

• Central nervous system (CNS)
• 1. Brain (?)
• 2. Spinal cord (??)
• Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• 1. Cranial n. (??? 12 pairs)
• 2. Spinal n. (??? 31 pairs)
• 3. Visceral n. (????)
• Visceral sensory n.
• Visceral motor n.
• Sympathetic part (????)
• Parasympathetic part (?????)

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The Cranial Nerves ???

• ? Olfactory nerve ???
• ? Optic nerve ???
• ? Oculomotor nerve ????
• ? Trochlear nerve ????
• ? Trigeminal nerve ????
• ? Abducent nerve ???
• ? Facial nerve ???
• ? Vestibulocochlear nerve ?????
• ? Glossopharyngeal nerve????
• ? Vagus nerve ????
• ? Accessory nerve ???
• ? Hypoglossal nerve ????

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General description

• 31 pairs spinal nerves
• 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral,
  and 1 coccygeal nerve.
• Formation each spinal nerve is formed by union
  of anterior and posterior roots at intervertebral
  foramen
• 1.The anterior root
• Contains motor fibers for skeletal muscles.
  Those from T1 to L2 contain sympathetic fibers
  S2 to S4 also contain parasympathetic fibers.
• 2. The posterior root
• Contains sensory fibers whose cell bodies are
  in the spinal ganglion.

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• Functional components
• 1. Somatic efferent nerve fibers ??????(SE)
  fibers that transmit motor impulses from spinal
  cord to skeletal muscles.
• 2. Visceral efferent nerve fibers??????(VE)
  fibers that transmit motor impulses from spinal
  cord to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and
  glands.
• 3. Somatic afferent nerve fibers??????(SA)
  fibers that transmit exteroceptive and
  proprioceptive impulses from body to spinal cord
• 4. Visceral afferent nerve fibers??????(VA)
  fibers that transmit interoceptive impulses from
  the viscera to spinal cord

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• Branches of spinal nerves
• 1. Anterior branch ?? largest , innervates
  anterolateral body wall and limbs,the great nerve
  plexus, e.g. the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and
  sacral, are formed by anterior rami
• 2. Posterior branch ?? innervates the back of
  the trunk
• 3. Communicating branch ??? connect the spinal
  nerve to the sympathetic trunk
• 4. Meningeal branch ??? re-enters vertebral
  canal through intervertebral foramen to dura mater

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Cervical plexus ??

• Formation formed by anterior rami of C1-C4
  spinal nerves
• Position lies in front of the origin of levator
  scapulae and scalenus medius and deep to the
  superior part of the sternocleidomastoid