PACEMAKER BATTERIES

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PACEMAKER BATTERIES
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Introduction -pacemaker

• Small electrical device that runs on batteries.
• Watches electrical signal of our heart and
  provide the electrical signal if our heart does
  not do so.
• When heart produces its own electrical signal
  then pacemaker continue to monitor

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Mercury cells

• Negative electrode - zinc
• Positive electrode -mercury liberated from
  mercuric oxide
• Electrolyte -sodium hydroxide.
• Outer case stainless steel.

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• zn NaOH ------gt NaZnO H
  (ive ions with mercuric oxide gives
  ive ions of mercury and water)
• 2H Hgo --------gt Hg H2O
• (mercury ions combine with incoming
  electron neutralized)
• Hg e- ----------gt Hg

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Lithium cells

• Anode --- lithium
• Cathode---iodine
• Life span more than 5 years
• Discharge time will be low.
• It will give low signal when they go beyond a
  particular level.
• Efficiency is high.

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Advantages

• Higher cell voltage.
• Higher capacity.
• Greater life span.
• Smaller size.
• Operation over a wide range of temperature

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Working of lithium cells

• Li --------------gt Li e-
• I2 2e- ---------gt 2I-
• 2Li I2 -------------gt 2LiI

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Rechargeable batteries

• They are not wisely used because they are not
  reliable.
• Galvanic action in these cell evolves gas.
• If the cell is sealed these gases must be
  consumed in balancing reaction.
• So it is designed that the rate of evolution of
  oxygen gas from negative electrode equal to the
  rate of recombination of with cadmium.

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Nuclear cells

• Nuclear fuel can deliver enough power to operate
  pacemakers.
• pu-238 produces radiation and hits the container
  and thus produces the heat.
• Thermopile is inserted which converts thermal
  energy to electrical energy.
• Thermopile is stack of thermocouple.

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High voltage nuclear cells

• Uses radioactive material.
• Radioactive material have too much of energy and
  releases the extra energy (electrons).
• It hits the outer surface and makes it negative
• The two surfaces are perfectly insulated.

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Low voltage nuclear cells

• Uses radioactive material.
• Here semiconductor is placed between the emitter
  and collector.
• Hence moving of electrons will be slow.
• Nuclear cells having long life time.
• But the patients are not willing to accept due to
  danger through radioactive radiation leakage.

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External power sources using Telemetry

• Here multivibrators are used which generates
  desired pulses at the rate of 70 beats / minute.
• Pulses are used to turn R.F oscillator of
  frequency 2 MHZ.
• Modulated R.F waves are amplified and transmitted
  through the transmitter coil.
• This type is also not liked by the cardiac
  patients.