Chapter Menu

1
Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Climates of
Earth Lesson 2 Climate Cycles Lesson 3 Recent
Climate Change Chapter Wrap-Up
2
Chapter Introduction

• What is climate and how does it impact life on
  Earth?

3
Chapter Introduction

• What do you think?

Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree
with each of these statements. As you view this
presentation, see if you change your mind about
any of the statements.
4
Chapter Introduction
Do you agree or disagree?

• 1. Locations at the center of large continents
  usually have the same climate as locations along
  the coast.
• 2. Latitude does not affect climate.
• 3. Climate on Earth today is the same as it has
  been in the past.

5
Chapter Introduction
Do you agree or disagree?

• 4. Climate change occurs in short-term cycles.
• 5. Human activities can impact climate.
• 6. You can help reduce the amount of greenhouse
  gases released into the atmosphere.

6
Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC
Climates of Earth

• What is climate?
• Why is one climate different from another?
• How are climates classified?

7
Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab
Climates of Earth

• climate
• rain shadow
• specific heat
• microclimate

8
Lesson 1-1
What is climate?

• Climate is the long-term average weather
  conditions that occur in a particular region.
• A regions climate depends on average temperature
  and precipitation, as well as how these variables
  change throughout the year.

9
Lesson 1-1
What is climate? (cont.)
What is climate?
10
Lesson 1-1
What affects climate?

• The latitude of a location affects climate.

11
Lesson 1-2
What affects climate? (cont.)

• The amount of solar energy per unit of Earths
  surface area depends on latitude.
• Earths curved surface causes latitudes closer to
  the equator to receive more direct sunlight than
  latitudes farther north or south.

12
Lesson 1-2
What affects climate? (cont.)

• Latitudes near the poles receive less solar
  energy and have lower average temperatures.

13
Lesson 1-2
What affects climate? (cont.)

• Latitudes near the equator tend to have warmer
  climates than higher latitudes.

14
Lesson 1-2

• Climate is influenced by altitude.
• Temperature decreases as altitude increases in
  the troposphere.

15
Lesson 1-2
What affects climate? (cont.)

• Mountains influence climate because they are
  barriers to prevailing winds.

16
Lesson 1-2
What affects climate? (cont.)

• An area of low rainfall on the downwind slope of
  a mountain is called a rain shadow.

17
Lesson 1-3
What affects climate? (cont.)

• The high specific heat of water causes the
  climates along coastlines to remain somewhat
  constant.
• Specific heat is the amount of thermal energy
  needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a
  material by 1C.
• Prevailing winds extend the moderate temperatures
  farther inland.

18
Lesson 1-3
What affects climate? (cont.)

• Ocean currents modify climate.
• The Gulf Stream is a warm, northward current
  along the east coast of North America.
• The Gulf Stream brings warmer temperatures to
  portions of the United States and Europe.

19
Lesson 1-4
Classifying Climates

• Climates are classified into five types based on
  their temperature, precipitation, and native
  vegetation.

20
Lesson 1-4
Classifying Climates (cont.)
How are climates classified?
21
Lesson 1-4
Classifying Climates (cont.)

• A citys roads and buildings absorb solar
  radiation.
• Cities are often warmer than the surrounding
  area.
• This urban heat island is one form of
  microclimate.

22
Lesson 1-4
Classifying Climates (cont.)

• A microclimate is a localized climate that is
  different from the climate of the larger area
  surrounding it.

microclimate from Greek mikros, means small
and klima, means region, zone
23
Lesson 1-4
Classifying Climates (cont.)
Why is one climate different from another?
24
Lesson 1-4
How Climate Affects Living Organisms

• Climate influences how humans determine the crops
  they grow.
• Climate influences how humans design buildings.

25
Lesson 1-4

• Animals and plants have adapted to the climates
  in which they live.

CORBIS
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26
Lesson 1 - VS

• Climate is influenced by several factors
  including latitude, altitude, and an areas
  location relative to a large body of water or
  mountains.

27
Lesson 1 - VS

• Rain shadows occur on the downwind slopeof
  mountains.

28
Lesson 1 - VS

• Microclimates can occur in urban areas, forests,
  and hilltops.

29
Lesson 1 LR1
Climate is the long-term average weather
conditions that occur where?
A. around the globe B. locally C. in a particular
region D. in the troposphere
30
Lesson 1 LR2
An area of low rainfall on the downwind slope of
a mountain is called what?
A. climate B. the Gulf Stream C. a
microclimate D. a rain shadow
31
Lesson 1 LR3
Which of these describes a coastline climate
compared to a continental climate?
A. cooler B. more constant C. more
erratic D. warmer
32
Lesson 1 - Now
Do you agree or disagree?

• 1. Locations at the center of large continents
  usually have the same climate as locations along
  the coast.
• 2. Latitude does not affect climate.

33
Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC
Climate Cycles

• How has climate varied over time?
• What causes seasons?
• How does the ocean affect climate?

34
Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab
Climate Cycles

• ice age
• interglacial
• El Niño/Southern Oscillation
• monsoon
• drought

35
Lesson 2-1
Long-Term Cycles

• Much of our knowledge about past climates comes
  from natural records of climate.

• ice cores from glaciers and ice sheets
• fossilized pollen
• ocean sediments
• growth rings of trees

36
Lesson 2-1
Long-Term Cycles (cont.)

• Ice ages are cold periods lasting from hundreds
  to millions of years when glaciers cover much of
  Earth.
• Glaciers and ice sheets advance during cold
  periods and retreat during interglacialsthe warm
  periods that occur during ice ages.

37
Lesson 2-1
Long-Term Cycles (cont.)
interglacial from Latin inter, means among,
between and glacialis, means icy, frozen
38
Lesson 2-1
Long-Term Cycles (cont.)

• The most recent ice age began about 2 million
  years ago.
• At that time, about half the northern hemisphere
  was covered by ice.
• About 10,000 years ago, Earth entered its current
  interglacial period, called the Holocene Epoch.

39
Lesson 2-1
Long-Term Cycles (cont.)

• Earths orbit varies between elliptical and
  circular about every 100,000 years.
• As Earths orbit changes shape, Earths climates
  change.

40
Lesson 2-1
Long-Term Cycles (cont.)

• When Earths orbit is more circular, Earth
  averages a greater distance from the Sun,
  resulting in below-average temperatures on Earth.

41
Lesson 2-1
Long-Term Cycles (cont.)

• Changes in the angle of Earths tilt affect the
  range of temperatures throughout the year.
• The tilt of Earths axis changes in 41,000-year
  cycles.

42
Lesson 2-1
Long-Term Cycles (cont.)

• Movement of Earths continents and changes in
  ocean circulation influence long-term climate
  cycles.

43
Lesson 2-1
Long-Term Cycles (cont.)
How has climate varied over time?
44
Lesson 2-2
Short-Term Cycles

• In addition to long-term climate cycles, climate
  also changes in short-term cycles.

45
Lesson 2-2
Short-Term Cycles (cont.)

• The changing seasons is an example of short-term
  climate change.

46
Lesson 2-2

• Changes in the amount of solar energy received at
  different latitudes during different times of the
  year give rise the seasons.

47
Lesson 2-2

• When the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the
  Sun, there are more daylight hours than dark
  hours, the temperatures are warmer, and it is
  summer.

48
Lesson 2-2

• When the northern hemisphere is tilted away from
  the Sun, daylight hours are fewer than nighttime
  hours, temperatures are colder, and it is winter.

49
Lesson 2-2
Short-Term Cycles (cont.)
What causes seasons?
50
Lesson 2-2
Short-Term Cycles (cont.)

• The seasons change as Earth makes a revolution
  around the Sun.

revolution Science Use the action by a celestial
body of going around in an orbit or an
elliptical course Common Use a sudden, radical,
or complete change
51
Lesson 2-2

• In the northern hemisphere, summer begins when
  the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun.

52
Lesson 2-2

• In the northern hemisphere, fall begins when the
  neither hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun.

53
Lesson 2-2

• In the northern hemisphere, winter begins when
  the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the
  Sun.

54
Lesson 2-2

• In the northern hemisphere, spring begins when,
  once again, neither hemisphere is tilted toward
  the Sun.

55
Lesson 2-2

• The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) causes
  another type of short-term climate change.

56
Lesson 2-2

• During ENSO, the trade winds weaken and warm
  water surges back toward South America.

57
Lesson 2-2
Short-Term Cycles (cont.)

• A complete ENSO cycle occurs every three to eight
  years, with the following effects
• lots of precipitation along the western coast of
  South America
• droughts in normally wet regions
• increased number of violent storms in California
  and southern U.S.

58
Lesson 2-2
Short-Term Cycles (cont.)

• The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is another
  cycle that can change the climate for decades at
  a time.
• The NAO affects the strengths of storms
  throughout North America and Europe by changing
  the position of the jet stream.

59
Lesson 2-2
Short-Term Cycles (cont.)

• A third short-term climate change is a monsoon.
• A monsoon is a seasonal change in wind direction
  caused by changing temperatures over the ocean
  and land.

60
Lesson 2-2
Short-Term Cycles (cont.)
How does the ocean affect climate?
61
Lesson 2-3
Other Short-term Climate Changes

• A drought is a period with below-average
  precipitation that can lead to crop damage and
  water shortages.
• Droughts are often accompanied by heat
  wavesperiods of unusually high temperatures.

62
Lesson 2-3
Other Short-term Climate Changes (cont.)

• Droughts and heat waves occur when large hot-air
  masses remain in one place for weeks or months.
• A cold wave occurs when a large polar air mass
  stays over a region for days or weeks.

63
Lesson 2 - VS

• Scientists learn about past climates by studying
  natural records of climate, such as ice cores,
  fossilized pollen, and growth rings of trees.
• Long-term climate changes, such as ice ages and
  interglacials, can be caused by changes in the
  shape of Earths orbit and the tilt of its axis.

64
Lesson 2 - VS

• Short-term climate changes include seasons, El
  Niño/Southern Oscillation, and monsoons.

65
Lesson 2 LR1
Glaciers and ice sheets retreat during which of
these?
A. glacial periods B. ice ages C. interglacials
D. winter
66
Lesson 2 LR2
The tilt of Earths axis changes in cycles that
last how long?
A. 10 years B. 400 years C. 41,000
years D. 4,000,000 years
67
Lesson 2 LR3
Which marks the beginnings of winter and summer?
A. solstices B. seasons C. equinoxes
D. atmospheric cycles
68
Lesson 2 - Now
Do you agree or disagree?
3. Climate on Earth today is the same as it has
been in the past. 4. Climate change occurs in
short-term cycles.
69
Lesson 3 Reading Guide - KC
Recent Climate Change

• How can human activities affect climate?
• How are predictions for future climate change
  made?

70
Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab
Recent Climate Change

• global warming
• greenhouse gas
• deforestation
• global climate model

71
Lesson 3-1
Regional and Global Climate Change

• Average temperatures on Earth have been
  increasing for the past 100 years.

72
Lesson 3-1
Regional and Global Climate Change (cont.)

• Temperature change has not been steady throughout
  the past 100 years.

73
Lesson 3-2
Human Impact on Climate Change

• The rise in Earths average temperature during
  the past 100 years is often referred to as global
  warming.
• In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
  Change (IPCC) concluded that most of this
  temperature increase, or global warming, is due
  to human activities.

74
Lesson 3-2
Human Impact on Climate Change (cont.)

• These activities include burning fossil fuels and
  the large-scale cutting and burning of forests,
  which release greenhouse gases into the
  atmosphere.
• Gases in the atmosphere that absorb Earths
  outgoing infrared radiation are greenhouse gases.

75
Lesson 3-2
Human Impact on Climate Change (cont.)

• Greenhouse gases help keep temperatures on Earth
  warm enough for living things to survivea
  phenomenon called the greenhouse effect.

76
Lesson 3-2
Human Impact on Climate Change (cont.)

• Recently, global temperatures and carbon dioxide,
  CO2, concentration in the atmosphere have both
  increased.

77
Lesson 3-2
Human Impact on Climate Change (cont.)

• Higher levels of greenhouse gases, like CO2,
  create a greater greenhouse effect.
• Most scientists suggest that global warming is
  due to the greater greenhouse effect.
• Humans use deforestation to obtain fuel or clear
  farm land.

78
Lesson 3-2
Human Impact on Climate Change (cont.)

• Deforestation is the large-scale cutting and/or
  burning of forests.

deforestation from Latin de, means down from,
concerning and forestum silvam, means the
outside woods
79
Lesson 3-2
Human Impact on Climate Change (cont.)

• Deforestation affects global climate because
  there are fewer living trees to help remove CO2
  from the air.
• The burning of cut trees also adds more CO2 to
  the atmosphere.
• Natural sources of CO2 include volcanic eruptions
  and forest fires.
• Cellular respiration in organisms contributes
  additional CO2.

80
Lesson 3-2
Human Impact on Climate Change (cont.)

• The burning of fossil fuels also releases tiny
  liquid or solid particles into the atmosphere
  called aerosols.
• Most aerosols reflect sunlight back into space,
  preventing some of the Suns energy from reaching
  Earth and potentially cooling the climate over
  time.

81
Lesson 3-2
Human Impact on Climate Change (cont.)

• When clouds form in areas with large amounts of
  aerosols, the cloud droplets are smaller and
  reflect more sunlight than clouds with larger
  droplets.

82
Lesson 3-2
Human Impact on Climate Change (cont.)
How can human activities affect climate?
83
Lesson 3-3
Climate and Society

• Increasing temperatures can impact the
  environment in many ways.
• Melting glaciers and polar ice sheets can cause
  sea levels to rise and coastal ecosystems to be
  disrupted.

84
Lesson 3-3
Climate and Society (cont.)

• Extreme weather events can become more common.
• Permanently higher temperatures and other
  ecosystem changes can affect migration patterns
  of insects, birds, fish, and mammals.

85
Lesson 3-4
Predicting Climate Change

• Climate forecasts help governments decide how to
  respond to future climate changes.
• A global climate model (GCM) is a set of complex
  equations used to predict future climates.
• GCMs use math and science to predict future
  climate changes.

86
Lesson 3-4
Predicting Climate Change (cont.)

• Summer arctic sea ice is expected to disappear by
  the end of this century.
• Sea levels are expected to keep rising for
  several centuries.

87
Lesson 3-4
Predicting Climate Change (cont.)
How are predictions for future climate change
made?
88
Lesson 3-4
Predicting Climate Change (cont.)

• Increasing populations can affect climate change.

89
Lesson 3-4
Predicting Climate Change (cont.)

• It is predicted that by the year 2030, two of
  every three people on Earth will live in urban
  areas.
• Large areas of forests are being cleared for
  expanding cities.
• Significant amounts of greenhouse gases and other
  pollutants will be added to the atmosphere.

90
Lesson 3-4
Predicting Climate Change (cont.)

• There are ways to reduce pollution and greenhouse
  gases.

• developing alternative energy sources, such as
  solar and wind energy
• building energy-efficient buildings
• controlling greenhouse gases and pollution by
  conserving fuel and recycling

91
Lesson 3 - VS

• Many scientists suggest that global warming is
  due to increased levels of greenhouse gases in
  the atmosphere.

92
Lesson 3 - VS

• Human activities such as deforestation and
  burning fossil fuels, can contribute to global
  warming.
• Ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions include
  using solar and wind energy and creating
  energy-efficient buildings.

93
Lesson 3 LR1
The burning of fossil fuels releases tiny liquid
or solid particles into the atmosphere called
what?
A. aerosols B. carbon dioxide C. greenhouse
gases D. vapor
94
Lesson 3 LR2
What term refers to the set of complex equations
used to predict future climates?
A. global climate model B. meteorological
measurement C. supercomputer D. weather report
95
Lesson 3 LR3
Deforestation can lead to more of which of these
in the atmosphere?
A. oxygen B. GCMs C. fossil fuels D. carbon
dioxide
96
Lesson 3 - Now
Do you agree or disagree?
5. Human activities can impact climate. 6. You
can help reduce the amount of greenhouse gases
released into the atmosphere.
97
Chapter Review Menu
Key Concept Summary Interactive Concept
Map Chapter Review Standardized Test Practice
98
The BIG Idea

• Climate is the long-term average weather
  conditions that occur in an area. It is
  influenced by the interactions between Earths
  systems. Living things have adaptations to the
  climate in which they live.

99
Key Concepts 1
Lesson 1 Climates of Earth

• Climate is the long-term average weather
  conditions that occur in a particular region.
• Climate is affected by factors such as latitude,
  altitude, rain shadows on the downwind slope of
  mountains, vegetation, and the specific heat of
  water.
• Climate is classified based on precipitation,
  temperature, and native vegetation.

100
Key Concepts 2
Lesson 2 Climate Cycles

• Over the past 4.6 billion years, climate on Earth
  has varied between ice ages and warm periods.
  Interglacials marked warm periods on Earth during
  ice ages.
• Earths axis is tilted. This causes seasons as
  Earth revolves around the Sun.
• The El Niño/Southern Oscillation and monsoons
  are two climate patterns that result from
  interactions between oceans and the atmosphere.

101
Key Concepts 3
Lesson 3 Recent Climate Change

• Releasing carbon dioxide and aerosols into the
  atmosphere through burning fossil fuels and
  deforestation are two ways humans can affect
  climate change.
• Predictions about future climate change are made
  using computers and general circulation models.

102
Chapter Review MC1
What term describes a localized climate that is
different from the climate of the larger area
surrounding it?
A. weather system B. rain shadow C. microclimate
D. Gulf stream
103
Chapter Review MC2
In the troposphere, temperature decreases as
altitude does what?
A. changes B. decreases C. increases
D. stabilizes
104
Chapter Review MC3
Which occurs in the northern hemisphere when it
is tilted toward the Sun?
A. fall equinox B. spring equinox C. summer
solstice D. winter solstice
105
Chapter Review MC4
Gases in the atmosphere that absorb Earths
outgoing infrared radiation are called what?
A. aerosols B. clouds C. fossil fuels
D. greenhouse gases
106
Chapter Review MC5
Which helps governments decide how to respond to
future climate changes?
A. weather reports B. greenhouse
effects C. climate forecasts D. climate cycles
107
Chapter Review STP1
Which refers to the long-term average weather
conditions that occur in a particular region?
A. weather B. specific weather C. rain
shadow D. climate
108
Chapter Review STP2
Which refers to the amount of thermal energy
needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a
material by 1C?
A. boiling point B. climate C. melting
point D. specific heat
109
Chapter Review STP3
A wind circulation pattern that changes direction
with the seasons is called what?
A. drought B. heat wave C. jet stream D. monsoon
110
Chapter Review STP4
Which occurs when a large continental polar air
mass stays over a region for days or weeks?
A. cold waves B. droughts C. heat
waves D. monsoons
111
Chapter Review STP5
What refers to the rise in Earths average
surface temperature during the past 100 years?
A. greenhouse effect B. global warming C. global
cooling D. deforestation