Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function

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Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function

• Unit 3

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Cytology the study of cells
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Robert Hooke
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Robert Hooke

• Mid-1600s
• England
• Used microscope to observe living tissues
• Named chambers cells

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Sketches from Micrographia
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

• Mid-1600s
• Holland
• Used hand lens microscope to observe pond water
• Observed microscopic life

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Leeuwenhoek Microscope
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Leeuwenhoek painting by Robert A. Thom
This painting appeared in "Great Moments in
Medicine" published by Parke Davis Company, in
1966.
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German cell biologists
1830s Matthias Schleidan concluded all plants
made from cells
1830s Theodor Schwann concluded that all
animals made from cells
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Rudolph Virchow

• 1855
• Germany
• New cells can only be produced from existing
  cells, confirmed by French scientist Louis Pasteur

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Pasteur painting by Robert A. Thom
This painting appeared in "Great Moments in
Medicine" published by Parke Davis Company, in
1966.
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Lynn Margulis

• Organelles in larger, complex cells may have been
  free-living prokaryotic cells in the past.

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Cell theory

• Cells are made from preexisting cells.
• Cells are the smallest units of life.
• All living things are made from at least one cell.

Cells dividing
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Properties of life

• Metabolism
• Homeostasis
• Growth reproduction
• Cellular basis

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Microscopy

• the use of microscopes to study cells
• Different types of microscopes
• Light microscope
• Transmission electron microscope
• Scanning electron microscope

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Light microscope

• visible light passes through specimen ? glass
  lenses

Sample of light microscope image (cork)
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Transmission electron microscope

• TEM
• studies cellular interiors

Sample of TEM image
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Scanning electron microscope

• SEM
• studies cellular surfaces

Sample of SEM image
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Cellular basis of life

• Multicellular organisms made up of more than one
  cell
• Ex protist, fungus, plant, animal
• Unicellular organisms made up of only one cell
• Ex bacteria, protist, fungus

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To be a cell

• Plasma membrane cell membrane, made of 2 layers
  of phospholipids
• Cytoplasm carbohydrate and water based solution
  that suspends all internal parts of the cell
• Ribosomes produces proteins
• DNA genetic material made of nucleic acids

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Two types of cells

• Prokaryote bacteria, archaebacteria
• Eukaryote protist, fungus, plant, animal

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Prokaryotic cell

• No nucleus
• No organelles
• Small
• Simple
• Plasma membrane, ribosome, cytoplasm, DNA

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Prokaryotic cell

• Capsule durable outer covering that some
  bacteria have for protection against water,
  acids, and viruses
• Flagella movement
• Cell wall protective layer around plasma
  membrane
• Pili anchoring and DNA exchange

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Eukaryote

• Complex
• 4 basic components organelles
• Organelles small compartments that carry out
  specialized functions within a cell
• Many variations

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Cytoskeleton
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Microtubules

• Internal support system (like mini-skeleton)
• Helps with muscle contractions

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Smooth ER

• Endoplasmic reticulum
• produces lipids

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Rough ER

• dotted with ribosomes, packages proteins made by
  ribosomes

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Golgi apparatus (body)

• Modify, package, and sort protein packages for
  secretion, outside of cell

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Mitochondria

• Organelle responsible for breaking down glucose
  molecules into ATP energy molecules

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Chloroplast

• Organelle in plants and algae that produces sugar
  molecules by photosynthesis

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Lysosome

• Organelle that produces enzymes to destroy
  foreign molecules and waste

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Vacuole

• Organelle that stores water, salt, food or waste

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Nucleus

• Stores DNA
• DNA helps to regulate protein production.
• Proteins regulate cellular activity.

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Plant Cell
Plant Cell
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Animal Cell
Animal Cell