Title: Body Organization
12
Body Organization
2Multimedia Directory
- Slide 22 Muscle Contraction Animation
- Slide 33 Neuron Animation
- Slide 41 Cardiovascular System Animation
- Slide 44 Lymphatic System Animation
- Slide 46 Respiratory System Animation
- Slide 48 Digestive System Animation
- Slide 50 Urinary System Animation
- Slide 52 Female Reproductive System Animation
- Slide 54 Male Reproductive System Animation
- Slide 56 Endocrine System Animation
- Slide 58 Nervous System Animation
- Slide 60 Eye Anatomy Animation
- Slide 62 Ear Anatomy Animation
3Body Organization At A Glance
- The body is organized into levels
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Systems
- Body
4Body Organization At A Glance
- Each level is built from the one below it
- Body as a whole is composed of systems
- A system is composed of organs
- An organ is composed of tissues
- A tissue is composed of cells
5Body Organization Illustrated
6Body Organization Combining Forms
- abdomin/o abdomen
- adip/o fat
- anter/o front
- brachi/o arm
- cardi/o heart
- caud/o tail
- cephal/o head
- cervic/o neck
7Body Organization Combining Forms
- chondr/o cartilage
- crani/o skull
- crin/o to secrete
- crur/o leg
- cyt/o cell
- dermat/o skin
- dist/o away from
- dors/o back of body
8Body Organization Combining Forms
- enter/o small intestine
- epitheli/o epithelium
- gastr/o stomach
- glute/o buttock
- gynec/o woman
- hemat/o blood
- hist/o tissue
- immun/o protection
9Body Organization Combining Forms
- infer/o below
- laryng/o larynx
- later/o side
- lumb/o loin
- lymph/o lymph
- medi/o middle
- muscul/o muscle
- nephr/o kidney
10Body Organization Combining Forms
- neur/o nerve
- ophthalm/o eye
- ot/o ear
- pelv/o pelvis
- peritone/o peritoneum
- pleur/o pleura
- poster/o back
- proct/o rectum and anus
11Body Organization Combining Forms
- proxim/o near to
- pub/o genital region
- pulmon/o lung
- rhin/o nose
- spin/o spine
- super/o above
- thorac/o chest
- ur/o urine
12Body Organization Combining Forms
- vascul/o blood vessel
- ventr/o belly
- vertebr/o vertebra
- viscer/o internal organ
13Body Organization Suffixes
- -ac pertaining to
- -al pertaining to
- -ar pertaining to
- -ary pertaining to
- -atic pertaining to
- -iac pertaining to
- -ic pertaining to
- -ior pertaining to
14Body Organization Suffixes
- -logy study of
- -ose resembling
15Body Organization Prefixes
- endo- within
- epi- above
- hypo- under
- peri- around
- retro- behind
16Levels of Body Organization
- Cells form tissues
- Tissues form organs
- Organs form systems
- Systems form whole body
17Cells
-logy
Cyt/o
cytology
- cyt/o -logy cytology
- The study of cells and their function
18Cells
- Fundamental unit of life
- Has all properties of being alive
- Responds to stimuli
- Engages in metabolic activity
- Reproduces itself
- All tissues and organs in body formed of cells
19Cells
- Individual cells perform functions for body
- Reproduction
- Hormone secretion
- Energy production
- Excretion
20Cells
- Special cells carry out very specific functions
- Muscle contraction
- Electrical impulse transmission
21Cells
- Cells come in different sizes and shapes
- But all cells,at some point of their life cycle,
have - Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Cell membrane
22Muscle Contraction Animation
- Click on the screenshot to view an animation
showing muscle contraction.
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23Figure 2.1Examples of four different types of
cells from the body illustrating the differences
in shape.
24Tissues
-logy
hist/o
histology
- hist/o -logy histology
- The study of tissue
- Formed when like cells are grouped together to
perform an activity - Four types of tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Nervous tissue
25Muscle Tissue
- Produces movement in body by contracting
- Composed of individual muscle cells called muscle
fibers
26Muscle Tissue
- Three basic types of muscles
- Skeletal muscle
- attached to bones
- Smooth muscle
- internal organs like intestine and uterus
- Cardiac muscle
- only in the heart
27Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of
different types of tissues and their location
within the body.
28Epithelial Tissue
- Known as epithelium
- Found as lining for internal organs and covering
for the skin - Close-packed cells that function to
- Form a protective barrier skin
- Absorb lining of intestine
- Secrete sweat glands
- Excrete wastes kidney tubules
29Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of
different types of tissues and their location
within the body.
30Connective Tissue
- Supports and protects
- Function depends on location
- Many different forms
- Adipose
- Bone
- Cartilage
- Tendons
31Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of
different types of tissues and their location
within the body.
32Nervous Tissue
- Composed of cells called neurons
- Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- Allows for conduction of electrical impulses
between brain and rest of the body
33Neuron Animation
- Click on the screenshot to view an animation
showing neurons.
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34Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of
different types of tissues and their location
within the body.
35Organs
- Composed of several types of tissue
- Work together as a unit
- Perform special functions
- Example stomach contains
- Muscle fibers
- Nerve tissues
- Epithelial tissue
36Systems
- Composed of several organs working together in
coordinated manner - Perform complex functions
- Example stomach plus other digestive organs
including mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas,
small intestine, and colon work together to break
down, digest, and absorb food
37Integumentary System
- Two-way barrier and temperature regulation
- Organs
- Skin
- Hair
- Nails
- Sweat glands
- Sebaceous glands
38Musculoskeletal System Skeleton
- Supports and protects body, forms blood cells,
stores minerals - Organs
- Bones
- Joints
39Musculoskeletal System Muscles
- Produce movement
- Organs
- Muscles
40Cardiovascular System
- Pumps blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, and
wastes - Organs
- Heart
- Arteries
- Veins
41Cardiovascular System Animation
- Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
the cardiovascular system.
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42Blood (Hematic System)
- Transports oxygen, protects, and controls
bleeding - Organs
- Plasma
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Platelets
43Lymphatic System
- Protects body
- Organs
- Lymph nodes
- Lymphatic vessels
- Spleen
- Thymus gland
- Tonsils
44Lymphatic System Animation
- Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
the lymphatic system.
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45Respiratory System
- Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- Organs
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchial tubes
- Lungs
46Respiratory System Animation
- Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
the respiratory system. - The animation may take a moment before playing.
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47Gastrointestinal System
- Ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients
- Organs
- Oral cavity
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine
- Colon
- Liver gallbladder
- Pancreas
48Digestive System Animation
- Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
the digestive system.
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49Urinary System
- Filters waste and removes from body
- Organs
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
50Urinary System Animation
- Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
the urinary system. - The animation may take a moment before playing.
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51Female Reproductive System
- Produces eggs and provides place for baby
- Organs
- Ovaries
- Fallopian tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Vulva
- Breast
52Female Reproductive System Animation
- Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
the female reproductive system.
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53Male Reproductive System
- Produces sperm
- Organs
- Testes
- Epididymis
- Vas deferens
- Penis
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate glans
- Bulbourethral glands
54Male Reproductive System Animation
- Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
the male reproductive system.
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55Endocrine System
- Regulates metabolic activity
- Organs
- Pituitary gland
- Pineal gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Thymus gland
- Pancreas
- Adrenal glands
- Ovaries testes
56Endocrine System Animation
- Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
the endocrine system.
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57Nervous System
- Receives sensory information and coordinates
response - Organs
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Nerves
58Nervous System Animation
- Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
the nervous system. - The animation may take a moment before playing.
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59Special Senses Eye
60Eye Anatomy Animation
- Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
the eye.
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61Special Senses Ear
- Hearing and balance
- Organs
- Ears
62Ear Anatomy Animation
- Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
the ear.
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63Building Body System Terms
- Cardiovascular
- Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
- Muscular
- Pertaining to muscles
cardi/o
vascul/o
-ar
muscul/o
-ar
64Building Body System Terms
- Lymphatic
-
- Pertaining to lymph
- Hematic
-
- Pertaining to blood
-atic
lymph/o
-ic
hemat/o
65Medical Specialties by System
- Integumentary
- Musculoskeletal
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Blood
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Dermatology
- Orthopedics, Orthopedic Surgery
- Endocrinology
- Cardiology
- Hematology
- Immunology
- Otorhinolaryngology, Pulmonology, Thoracic Surgery
66Medical Specialties by System
- Digestive
-
- Urinary
- Female Reproductive
- Male Reproductive
- Nervous
- Eye
- Ear
- Gastroenterology
- Proctology
- Urology
- Gynecology, Obstetrics
- Urology
- Neurology
- Neurosurgery
- Ophthalmology
- Otorhinolaryngology
67Building Medical Specialty Terms
- Gastroenterology
-
- Study of stomach and small intestine
- Gynecology
-
- Study of the female
-logy
gastr/o
-logy
gynec/o
68Building Medical Specialty Terms
- Ophthalmology
-
- Study of the eye
- Dermatology
-
- Study of the skin
-logy
ophthalm/o
-logy
dermat/o
69Anatomical Position
- Used when describing positions relationships of
structures in body - Assume person is in anatomical position even if
body or parts of the body are in other positions
70Anatomical Position
- Standing erect
- Arms at side of body
- Palms facing forward
- Eyes straight forward
- Legs are parallel
- Feet and toes pointing forward
71Body Planes
- Used to assist in describing the body and its
parts - Three planes
- Sagittal plane
- Frontal plane
- Transverse plane
72Sagittal Plane
- Also called median plane
- Vertical plane
- Runs lengthwise from front to back
- Divides body into left and right portions
- Cut along sagittal plane yields a sagittal section
73Frontal Plane
- Also called coronal plane
- Vertical plane
- Runs lengthwise from side to side
- Divides body into front and back positions
74Frontal Plane
- Cut along frontal plane yields a frontal section
or coronal section
75Transverse Plane
- Also called horizontal plane
- Crosswise plane, runs parallel to the ground
- Divides body into upper and lower portions
76Transverse Plane
- Cut along transverse plane yields a transverse
section
77Additional Sections
- Cross-section
- Produced by slice perpendicular to long axis of
structure - Longitudinal section
- Produced by lengthwise slice along long axis of
structure
78Body Regions
- Cephalic head
- Cervical neck
- Brachial arm
- Crural leg
79Regions of the Trunk (torso)
- Anterior trunk
- Thoracic chest
- Abdominal
- Pelvic
- Pubic genitals
- Posterior trunk
- Dorsum back
- Vertebral
- Gluteal buttocks
80Figure 2.5Anterior and posterior regions of the
body.
81Building Body Region Terms
- Cervical
-
- Pertaining to the neck
- Cephalic
-
- Pertaining to the head
-al
cervic/o
-ic
cephal/o
82Building Body Region Terms
- Brachial
-
- Pertaining to the arm
- Thoracic
-
- Pertaining to the chest
-al
brachi/o
-ic
thorac/o
83Body Cavities
- Body is not solid structure has many open spaces
or cavities - Two dorsal cavities
- Cranial cavity
- Spinal cavity
- Two ventral cavities
- Thoracic cavity
- Abdominopelvic cavity
84Dorsal Cavities
- Cranial cavity
- Contains brain
- Spinal cavity
- Contains spinal cord
85Thoracic Cavity
- Contains
- Two lungs
- Central mediastinum
86Thoracic Cavity
- Mediastinum contains
- Heart
- Aorta
- Esophagus
- Trachea
- Thymus gland
87Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm
- Superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic
cavity - Contain digestive, excretory, and reproductive
organs
88Figure 2.6The dorsal (red) and ventral (blue)
body cavities.
89Viscera Encased in Sac
- Double layered membranous sac
- Parietal layer outer layer that lines cavities
- Visceral layer inner layer that contacts
viscera - Called pleura in thoracic cavity
- Called peritoneum in abdominopelvic cavity
90Subdivisions of Pleura
- Pleural cavity
- Surrounds the lungs
- Pericardial cavity
- Surrounds the heart
91Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen
- Upper row regions
- Hypochondriac
- Epigastric
- Middle row regions
- Lumbar
- Umbilical
- Lower row regions
- Inguinal
- Hypogastric
92Table 2.3, Figure AThe anatomical divisions of
the abdomen.
93Clinical Divisions of Abdomen
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
- Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
- Majority of liver
- Gallbladder
- Small portion of pancreas
- Small intestine
- Colon
- Small intestine
- Colon
- Right ovary
- Right fallopian tube
- Appendix
- Right ureter
94Clinical Divisions of Abdomen
- Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
- Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
- Small portion of liver
- Spleen
- Stomach
- Majority of pancreas
- Small intestine
- Colon
- Small intestine
- Colon
- Left ovary
- Left fallopian tube
- Left ureter
95Table 2.3, Figure BThe clinical divisions of the
abdomen.
96Directional Terms
- Assist medical personnel in position or location
of patients complaint - Help to describe one process, organ, or system as
it relates to another - They are listed in pairs that have opposite
meanings in following table
97Directional Terms
- Superior or cephalic
- More towards head
- Inferior or caudal
- More towards feet
- Anterior or ventral
- More towards front or belly-side of body
98Directional Terms
- Posterior or dorsal
- More towards back or spinal cord side of body
99Directional Terms
- Medial
- More towards middle
- Lateral
- More towards side
- Proximal
- Nearer to the point of attachment to body
- Distal
- Farther away from point of attachment to body
100Figure 2.7Anterior and lateral views of the body
illustrating directional terms.
101Directional Terms
- Apex
- Tip or summit of organ
- Base
- Bottom or lower part of an organ
- Superficial
- More towards surface of body
- Deep
- Further away from surface of body
102Supine
- Supine lying horizontally facing upward
103Figure 2.8AThe supine position.
104Prone
- Prone lying horizontally facing downward
105Figure 2.8BThe prone position.
106Building Directional Terms
- Superior
-
- Pertaining to being above
- Lateral
-
- Pertining to the side
-ior
super/o
-al
later/o
107Building Directional Terms
- Anterior
-
- Pertaining to the front
- Dorsal
-
- Pertaining to the back of the body
-ior
anter/o
-al
dors/o
108Body Organization Abbreviations
AP anteroposterior
CV cardiovascular
ENT ear, nose, and throat
GI gastrointestinal
GYN gynecology
lat lateral
LE lower extremity (leg)
109Body Organization Abbreviations
LLQ left lower quadrant
LUQ left upper quadrant
MS musculoskeletal
OB obstetrics
PA posteroanterior
RLQ right lower quadrant
RUQ right upper quadrant
UE upper extremity (arm)
110Combining Forms Match Up
- adip/o
- caud/o
- crur/o
- glute/o
- hist/o
- tissue
- leg
- tail
- fat
- buttock
111Classroom Response System
112Pop Question 1
- Organs are formed from
- Tissues
- Cells
- Systems
- Molecules
113Answer 1
- Organs are formed from
- Tissues
- Cells
- Systems
- Molecules
114Pop Question 2
- Which of the following is NOT always found in a
cell? - Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Cell membrane
- Ribosome
115Answer 2
- Which of the following is NOT always found in a
cell? - Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Cell membrane
- Ribosome
116Pop Question 3
- Which type of tissue is designed to conduct
electrical impulses? - Nervous
- Muscle
- Connective
- Epithelial
117Answer 3
- Which type of tissue is designed to conduct
electrical impulses? - Nervous
- Muscle
- Connective
- Epithelial
118Pop Question 4
- Which of the following is NOT a type of
connective tissue? - Bone
- Skin
- Cartilage
- Adipose
119Answer 4
- Which of the following is NOT a type of
connective tissue? - Bone
- Skin
- Cartilage
- Adipose
120Pop Question 5
- Which type of muscle tissue is found in internal
organs? - Smooth muscle
- Skeletal muscle
- Striated muscle
- Cardiac muscle
121Answer 5
- Which type of muscle tissue is found in internal
organs? - Smooth muscle
- Skeletal muscle
- Striated muscle
- Cardiac muscle
122Pop Question 6
- Which organ system contains the stomach?
- Respiratory
- Immune
- Digestive
- Integumentary
123Answer 6
- Which organ system contains the stomach?
- Respiratory
- Immune
- Digestive
- Integumentary
124Pop Question 7
- Which organ is found in the endocrine system?
- Uterus
- Thyroid gland
- Heart
- Sweat glands
125Answer 7
- Which organ is found in the endocrine system?
- Uterus
- Thyroid gland
- Heart
- Sweat glands
126Pop Question 8
- Which of the following does NOT describe part of
the anatomical position? - Gazing upward
- Palms facing forward
- Standing erect
- Arms at the side of the body
127Answer 8
- Which of the following does NOT describe part of
the anatomical position? - Gazing upward
- Palms facing forward
- Standing erect
- Arms at the side of the body
128Pop Question 9
- Which body plane is also called the coronal
plane? - Transverse plane
- Median plane
- Sagittal plane
- Frontal plane
129Answer 9
- Which body plane is also called the coronal
plane? - Transverse plane
- Median plane
- Sagittal plane
- Frontal plane
130Pop Question 10
- Which plane divides the body into left and right
portions? - Sagittal plane
- Frontal plane
- Coronal plane
- Transverse plane
131Answer 10
- Which plane divides the body into left and right
portions? - Sagittal plane
- Frontal plane
- Coronal plane
- Transverse plane
132Pop Question 11
- What area of the body is found in the brachial
region? - Leg
- Arm
- Back
- Head
133Answer 11
- What area of the body is found in the brachial
region? - Leg
- Arm
- Back
- Head
134Pop Question 12
- The neck is called the
- Cephalic region
- Abdominal region
- Gluteal region
- Cervical region
135Answer 12
- The neck is called the
- Cephalic region
- Abdominal region
- Gluteal region
- Cervical region
136Pop Question 13
- The membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
is called the - Peritoneum
- Diaphragm
- Pleura
- Pericardium
137Answer 13
- The membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
is called the - Peritoneum
- Diaphragm
- Pleura
- Pericardium
138Pop Question 14
- Which of the following is NOT a ventral body
cavity? - Thoracic
- Spinal
- Abdominal
- Pelvic
139Answer 14
- Which of the following is NOT a ventral body
cavity? - Thoracic
- Spinal
- Abdominal
- Pelvic
140Pop Question 15
- Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs?
- Pelvic cavity
- Cranial cavity
- Abdominal cavity
- Thoracic cavity
141Answer 15
- Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs?
- Pelvic cavity
- Cranial cavity
- Abdominal cavity
- Thoracic cavity
142Pop Question 16
- Which direction term is interchangeable with
inferior? - Caudal
- Anterior
- Dorsal
- Medial
143Answer 16
- Which direction term is interchangeable with
inferior? - Caudal
- Anterior
- Dorsal
- Medial
144Pop Question 17
- Which directional term refers to the side?
- Proximal
- Lateral
- Distal
- Dorsal
145Answer 17
- Which directional term refers to the side?
- Proximal
- Lateral
- Distal
- Dorsal
146Pop Question 18
- The term prone refers to lying horizontally face
down. - True
- False
147Answer 18
- The term prone refers to lying horizontally face
down. - True
- False
148Pop Question 19
- In the Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen, name
the middle area of the top row. - Hypogastric
- Iliac
- Umbilical
- Epigastric
149Answer 19
- In the Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen, name
the middle area of the top row. - Hypogastric
- Iliac
- Umbilical
- Epigastric
150Pop Question 20
- Which Clinical Division of the Abdomen contains
the majority of the liver? - LUQ
- RUQ
- LLQ
- RLQ
151Answer 20
- Which Clinical Division of the Abdomen contains
the majority of the liver? - LUQ
- RUQ
- LLQ
- RLQ