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Body Organization

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Title: Body Organization


1
2
Body Organization
2
Multimedia Directory
  • Slide 22 Muscle Contraction Animation
  • Slide 33 Neuron Animation
  • Slide 41 Cardiovascular System Animation
  • Slide 44 Lymphatic System Animation
  • Slide 46 Respiratory System Animation
  • Slide 48 Digestive System Animation
  • Slide 50 Urinary System Animation
  • Slide 52 Female Reproductive System Animation
  • Slide 54 Male Reproductive System Animation
  • Slide 56 Endocrine System Animation
  • Slide 58 Nervous System Animation
  • Slide 60 Eye Anatomy Animation
  • Slide 62 Ear Anatomy Animation

3
Body Organization At A Glance
  • The body is organized into levels
  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Systems
  • Body

4
Body Organization At A Glance
  • Each level is built from the one below it
  • Body as a whole is composed of systems
  • A system is composed of organs
  • An organ is composed of tissues
  • A tissue is composed of cells

5
Body Organization Illustrated
6
Body Organization Combining Forms
  • abdomin/o abdomen
  • adip/o fat
  • anter/o front
  • brachi/o arm
  • cardi/o heart
  • caud/o tail
  • cephal/o head
  • cervic/o neck

7
Body Organization Combining Forms
  • chondr/o cartilage
  • crani/o skull
  • crin/o to secrete
  • crur/o leg
  • cyt/o cell
  • dermat/o skin
  • dist/o away from
  • dors/o back of body

8
Body Organization Combining Forms
  • enter/o small intestine
  • epitheli/o epithelium
  • gastr/o stomach
  • glute/o buttock
  • gynec/o woman
  • hemat/o blood
  • hist/o tissue
  • immun/o protection

9
Body Organization Combining Forms
  • infer/o below
  • laryng/o larynx
  • later/o side
  • lumb/o loin
  • lymph/o lymph
  • medi/o middle
  • muscul/o muscle
  • nephr/o kidney

10
Body Organization Combining Forms
  • neur/o nerve
  • ophthalm/o eye
  • ot/o ear
  • pelv/o pelvis
  • peritone/o peritoneum
  • pleur/o pleura
  • poster/o back
  • proct/o rectum and anus

11
Body Organization Combining Forms
  • proxim/o near to
  • pub/o genital region
  • pulmon/o lung
  • rhin/o nose
  • spin/o spine
  • super/o above
  • thorac/o chest
  • ur/o urine

12
Body Organization Combining Forms
  • vascul/o blood vessel
  • ventr/o belly
  • vertebr/o vertebra
  • viscer/o internal organ

13
Body Organization Suffixes
  • -ac pertaining to
  • -al pertaining to
  • -ar pertaining to
  • -ary pertaining to
  • -atic pertaining to
  • -iac pertaining to
  • -ic pertaining to
  • -ior pertaining to

14
Body Organization Suffixes
  • -logy study of
  • -ose resembling

15
Body Organization Prefixes
  • endo- within
  • epi- above
  • hypo- under
  • peri- around
  • retro- behind

16
Levels of Body Organization
  • Cells form tissues
  • Tissues form organs
  • Organs form systems
  • Systems form whole body

17
Cells
-logy
Cyt/o
cytology
  • cyt/o -logy cytology
  • The study of cells and their function

18
Cells
  • Fundamental unit of life
  • Has all properties of being alive
  • Responds to stimuli
  • Engages in metabolic activity
  • Reproduces itself
  • All tissues and organs in body formed of cells

19
Cells
  • Individual cells perform functions for body
  • Reproduction
  • Hormone secretion
  • Energy production
  • Excretion

20
Cells
  • Special cells carry out very specific functions
  • Muscle contraction
  • Electrical impulse transmission

21
Cells
  • Cells come in different sizes and shapes
  • But all cells,at some point of their life cycle,
    have
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane

22
Muscle Contraction Animation
  • Click on the screenshot to view an animation
    showing muscle contraction.

Back to Directory
23
Figure 2.1Examples of four different types of
cells from the body illustrating the differences
in shape.
24
Tissues
-logy
hist/o
histology
  • hist/o -logy histology
  • The study of tissue
  • Formed when like cells are grouped together to
    perform an activity
  • Four types of tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Nervous tissue

25
Muscle Tissue
  • Produces movement in body by contracting
  • Composed of individual muscle cells called muscle
    fibers

26
Muscle Tissue
  • Three basic types of muscles
  • Skeletal muscle
  • attached to bones
  • Smooth muscle
  • internal organs like intestine and uterus
  • Cardiac muscle
  • only in the heart

27
Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of
different types of tissues and their location
within the body.
28
Epithelial Tissue
  • Known as epithelium
  • Found as lining for internal organs and covering
    for the skin
  • Close-packed cells that function to
  • Form a protective barrier skin
  • Absorb lining of intestine
  • Secrete sweat glands
  • Excrete wastes kidney tubules

29
Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of
different types of tissues and their location
within the body.
30
Connective Tissue
  • Supports and protects
  • Function depends on location
  • Many different forms
  • Adipose
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Tendons

31
Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of
different types of tissues and their location
within the body.
32
Nervous Tissue
  • Composed of cells called neurons
  • Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
  • Allows for conduction of electrical impulses
    between brain and rest of the body

33
Neuron Animation
  • Click on the screenshot to view an animation
    showing neurons.

Back to Directory
34
Figure 2.2This figure shows the appearance of
different types of tissues and their location
within the body.
35
Organs
  • Composed of several types of tissue
  • Work together as a unit
  • Perform special functions
  • Example stomach contains
  • Muscle fibers
  • Nerve tissues
  • Epithelial tissue

36
Systems
  • Composed of several organs working together in
    coordinated manner
  • Perform complex functions
  • Example stomach plus other digestive organs
    including mouth, esophagus, liver, pancreas,
    small intestine, and colon work together to break
    down, digest, and absorb food

37
Integumentary System
  • Two-way barrier and temperature regulation
  • Organs
  • Skin
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Sweat glands
  • Sebaceous glands

38
Musculoskeletal System Skeleton
  • Supports and protects body, forms blood cells,
    stores minerals
  • Organs
  • Bones
  • Joints

39
Musculoskeletal System Muscles
  • Produce movement
  • Organs
  • Muscles

40
Cardiovascular System
  • Pumps blood to transport nutrients, oxygen, and
    wastes
  • Organs
  • Heart
  • Arteries
  • Veins

41
Cardiovascular System Animation
  • Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
    the cardiovascular system.

Back to Directory
42
Blood (Hematic System)
  • Transports oxygen, protects, and controls
    bleeding
  • Organs
  • Plasma
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Platelets

43
Lymphatic System
  • Protects body
  • Organs
  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Spleen
  • Thymus gland
  • Tonsils

44
Lymphatic System Animation
  • Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
    the lymphatic system.

Back to Directory
45
Respiratory System
  • Obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
  • Organs
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchial tubes
  • Lungs

46
Respiratory System Animation
  • Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
    the respiratory system.
  • The animation may take a moment before playing.

Back to Directory
47
Gastrointestinal System
  • Ingest, digest, and absorb nutrients
  • Organs
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Colon
  • Liver gallbladder
  • Pancreas

48
Digestive System Animation
  • Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
    the digestive system.

Back to Directory
49
Urinary System
  • Filters waste and removes from body
  • Organs
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra

50
Urinary System Animation
  • Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
    the urinary system.
  • The animation may take a moment before playing.

Back to Directory
51
Female Reproductive System
  • Produces eggs and provides place for baby
  • Organs
  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Vulva
  • Breast

52
Female Reproductive System Animation
  • Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
    the female reproductive system.

Back to Directory
53
Male Reproductive System
  • Produces sperm
  • Organs
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Vas deferens
  • Penis
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate glans
  • Bulbourethral glands

54
Male Reproductive System Animation
  • Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
    the male reproductive system.

Back to Directory
55
Endocrine System
  • Regulates metabolic activity
  • Organs
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Thymus gland
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal glands
  • Ovaries testes

56
Endocrine System Animation
  • Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
    the endocrine system.

Back to Directory
57
Nervous System
  • Receives sensory information and coordinates
    response
  • Organs
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves

58
Nervous System Animation
  • Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
    the nervous system.
  • The animation may take a moment before playing.

Back to Directory
59
Special Senses Eye
  • Vision
  • Organs
  • Eyes

60
Eye Anatomy Animation
  • Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
    the eye.

Back to Directory
61
Special Senses Ear
  • Hearing and balance
  • Organs
  • Ears

62
Ear Anatomy Animation
  • Click on the screenshot to view an animation of
    the ear.

Back to Directory
63
Building Body System Terms
  • Cardiovascular
  • Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
  • Muscular
  • Pertaining to muscles

cardi/o
vascul/o
-ar
muscul/o
-ar
64
Building Body System Terms
  • Lymphatic
  • Pertaining to lymph
  • Hematic
  • Pertaining to blood

-atic
lymph/o
-ic
hemat/o
65
Medical Specialties by System
  • Integumentary
  • Musculoskeletal
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Blood
  • Lymphatic
  • Respiratory
  • Dermatology
  • Orthopedics, Orthopedic Surgery
  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiology
  • Hematology
  • Immunology
  • Otorhinolaryngology, Pulmonology, Thoracic Surgery

66
Medical Specialties by System
  • Digestive
  • Urinary
  • Female Reproductive
  • Male Reproductive
  • Nervous
  • Eye
  • Ear
  • Gastroenterology
  • Proctology
  • Urology
  • Gynecology, Obstetrics
  • Urology
  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Ophthalmology
  • Otorhinolaryngology

67
Building Medical Specialty Terms
  • Gastroenterology
  • Study of stomach and small intestine
  • Gynecology
  • Study of the female

-logy
gastr/o
-logy
gynec/o
68
Building Medical Specialty Terms
  • Ophthalmology
  • Study of the eye
  • Dermatology
  • Study of the skin

-logy
ophthalm/o
-logy
dermat/o
69
Anatomical Position
  • Used when describing positions relationships of
    structures in body
  • Assume person is in anatomical position even if
    body or parts of the body are in other positions

70
Anatomical Position
  • Standing erect
  • Arms at side of body
  • Palms facing forward
  • Eyes straight forward
  • Legs are parallel
  • Feet and toes pointing forward

71
Body Planes
  • Used to assist in describing the body and its
    parts
  • Three planes
  • Sagittal plane
  • Frontal plane
  • Transverse plane

72
Sagittal Plane
  • Also called median plane
  • Vertical plane
  • Runs lengthwise from front to back
  • Divides body into left and right portions
  • Cut along sagittal plane yields a sagittal section

73
Frontal Plane
  • Also called coronal plane
  • Vertical plane
  • Runs lengthwise from side to side
  • Divides body into front and back positions

74
Frontal Plane
  • Cut along frontal plane yields a frontal section
    or coronal section

75
Transverse Plane
  • Also called horizontal plane
  • Crosswise plane, runs parallel to the ground
  • Divides body into upper and lower portions

76
Transverse Plane
  • Cut along transverse plane yields a transverse
    section

77
Additional Sections
  • Cross-section
  • Produced by slice perpendicular to long axis of
    structure
  • Longitudinal section
  • Produced by lengthwise slice along long axis of
    structure

78
Body Regions
  • Cephalic head
  • Cervical neck
  • Brachial arm
  • Crural leg

79
Regions of the Trunk (torso)
  • Anterior trunk
  • Thoracic chest
  • Abdominal
  • Pelvic
  • Pubic genitals
  • Posterior trunk
  • Dorsum back
  • Vertebral
  • Gluteal buttocks

80
Figure 2.5Anterior and posterior regions of the
body.
81
Building Body Region Terms
  • Cervical
  • Pertaining to the neck
  • Cephalic
  • Pertaining to the head

-al
cervic/o
-ic
cephal/o
82
Building Body Region Terms
  • Brachial
  • Pertaining to the arm
  • Thoracic
  • Pertaining to the chest

-al
brachi/o
-ic
thorac/o
83
Body Cavities
  • Body is not solid structure has many open spaces
    or cavities
  • Two dorsal cavities
  • Cranial cavity
  • Spinal cavity
  • Two ventral cavities
  • Thoracic cavity
  • Abdominopelvic cavity

84
Dorsal Cavities
  • Cranial cavity
  • Contains brain
  • Spinal cavity
  • Contains spinal cord

85
Thoracic Cavity
  • Contains
  • Two lungs
  • Central mediastinum

86
Thoracic Cavity
  • Mediastinum contains
  • Heart
  • Aorta
  • Esophagus
  • Trachea
  • Thymus gland

87
Abdominopelvic Cavity
  • Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm
  • Superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic
    cavity
  • Contain digestive, excretory, and reproductive
    organs

88
Figure 2.6The dorsal (red) and ventral (blue)
body cavities.
89
Viscera Encased in Sac
  • Double layered membranous sac
  • Parietal layer outer layer that lines cavities
  • Visceral layer inner layer that contacts
    viscera
  • Called pleura in thoracic cavity
  • Called peritoneum in abdominopelvic cavity

90
Subdivisions of Pleura
  • Pleural cavity
  • Surrounds the lungs
  • Pericardial cavity
  • Surrounds the heart

91
Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen
  • Upper row regions
  • Hypochondriac
  • Epigastric
  • Middle row regions
  • Lumbar
  • Umbilical
  • Lower row regions
  • Inguinal
  • Hypogastric

92
Table 2.3, Figure AThe anatomical divisions of
the abdomen.
93
Clinical Divisions of Abdomen
  • Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
  • Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
  • Majority of liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Small portion of pancreas
  • Small intestine
  • Colon
  • Small intestine
  • Colon
  • Right ovary
  • Right fallopian tube
  • Appendix
  • Right ureter

94
Clinical Divisions of Abdomen
  • Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
  • Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
  • Small portion of liver
  • Spleen
  • Stomach
  • Majority of pancreas
  • Small intestine
  • Colon
  • Small intestine
  • Colon
  • Left ovary
  • Left fallopian tube
  • Left ureter

95
Table 2.3, Figure BThe clinical divisions of the
abdomen.
96
Directional Terms
  • Assist medical personnel in position or location
    of patients complaint
  • Help to describe one process, organ, or system as
    it relates to another
  • They are listed in pairs that have opposite
    meanings in following table

97
Directional Terms
  • Superior or cephalic
  • More towards head
  • Inferior or caudal
  • More towards feet
  • Anterior or ventral
  • More towards front or belly-side of body

98
Directional Terms
  • Posterior or dorsal
  • More towards back or spinal cord side of body

99
Directional Terms
  • Medial
  • More towards middle
  • Lateral
  • More towards side
  • Proximal
  • Nearer to the point of attachment to body
  • Distal
  • Farther away from point of attachment to body

100
Figure 2.7Anterior and lateral views of the body
illustrating directional terms.
101
Directional Terms
  • Apex
  • Tip or summit of organ
  • Base
  • Bottom or lower part of an organ
  • Superficial
  • More towards surface of body
  • Deep
  • Further away from surface of body

102
Supine
  • Supine lying horizontally facing upward

103
Figure 2.8AThe supine position.
104
Prone
  • Prone lying horizontally facing downward

105
Figure 2.8BThe prone position.
106
Building Directional Terms
  • Superior
  • Pertaining to being above
  • Lateral
  • Pertining to the side

-ior
super/o
-al
later/o
107
Building Directional Terms
  • Anterior
  • Pertaining to the front
  • Dorsal
  • Pertaining to the back of the body

-ior
anter/o
-al
dors/o
108
Body Organization Abbreviations
AP anteroposterior
CV cardiovascular
ENT ear, nose, and throat
GI gastrointestinal
GYN gynecology
lat lateral
LE lower extremity (leg)
109
Body Organization Abbreviations
LLQ left lower quadrant
LUQ left upper quadrant
MS musculoskeletal
OB obstetrics
PA posteroanterior
RLQ right lower quadrant
RUQ right upper quadrant
UE upper extremity (arm)
110
Combining Forms Match Up
  • adip/o
  • caud/o
  • crur/o
  • glute/o
  • hist/o
  1. tissue
  2. leg
  3. tail
  4. fat
  5. buttock

111
Classroom Response System
112
Pop Question 1
  • Organs are formed from
  • Tissues
  • Cells
  • Systems
  • Molecules

113
Answer 1
  • Organs are formed from
  • Tissues
  • Cells
  • Systems
  • Molecules

114
Pop Question 2
  • Which of the following is NOT always found in a
    cell?
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosome

115
Answer 2
  • Which of the following is NOT always found in a
    cell?
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosome

116
Pop Question 3
  • Which type of tissue is designed to conduct
    electrical impulses?
  • Nervous
  • Muscle
  • Connective
  • Epithelial

117
Answer 3
  • Which type of tissue is designed to conduct
    electrical impulses?
  • Nervous
  • Muscle
  • Connective
  • Epithelial

118
Pop Question 4
  • Which of the following is NOT a type of
    connective tissue?
  • Bone
  • Skin
  • Cartilage
  • Adipose

119
Answer 4
  • Which of the following is NOT a type of
    connective tissue?
  • Bone
  • Skin
  • Cartilage
  • Adipose

120
Pop Question 5
  • Which type of muscle tissue is found in internal
    organs?
  • Smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Striated muscle
  • Cardiac muscle

121
Answer 5
  • Which type of muscle tissue is found in internal
    organs?
  • Smooth muscle
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Striated muscle
  • Cardiac muscle

122
Pop Question 6
  • Which organ system contains the stomach?
  • Respiratory
  • Immune
  • Digestive
  • Integumentary

123
Answer 6
  • Which organ system contains the stomach?
  • Respiratory
  • Immune
  • Digestive
  • Integumentary

124
Pop Question 7
  • Which organ is found in the endocrine system?
  • Uterus
  • Thyroid gland
  • Heart
  • Sweat glands

125
Answer 7
  • Which organ is found in the endocrine system?
  • Uterus
  • Thyroid gland
  • Heart
  • Sweat glands

126
Pop Question 8
  • Which of the following does NOT describe part of
    the anatomical position?
  • Gazing upward
  • Palms facing forward
  • Standing erect
  • Arms at the side of the body

127
Answer 8
  • Which of the following does NOT describe part of
    the anatomical position?
  • Gazing upward
  • Palms facing forward
  • Standing erect
  • Arms at the side of the body

128
Pop Question 9
  • Which body plane is also called the coronal
    plane?
  • Transverse plane
  • Median plane
  • Sagittal plane
  • Frontal plane

129
Answer 9
  • Which body plane is also called the coronal
    plane?
  • Transverse plane
  • Median plane
  • Sagittal plane
  • Frontal plane

130
Pop Question 10
  • Which plane divides the body into left and right
    portions?
  • Sagittal plane
  • Frontal plane
  • Coronal plane
  • Transverse plane

131
Answer 10
  • Which plane divides the body into left and right
    portions?
  • Sagittal plane
  • Frontal plane
  • Coronal plane
  • Transverse plane

132
Pop Question 11
  • What area of the body is found in the brachial
    region?
  • Leg
  • Arm
  • Back
  • Head

133
Answer 11
  • What area of the body is found in the brachial
    region?
  • Leg
  • Arm
  • Back
  • Head

134
Pop Question 12
  • The neck is called the
  • Cephalic region
  • Abdominal region
  • Gluteal region
  • Cervical region

135
Answer 12
  • The neck is called the
  • Cephalic region
  • Abdominal region
  • Gluteal region
  • Cervical region

136
Pop Question 13
  • The membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
    is called the
  • Peritoneum
  • Diaphragm
  • Pleura
  • Pericardium

137
Answer 13
  • The membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
    is called the
  • Peritoneum
  • Diaphragm
  • Pleura
  • Pericardium

138
Pop Question 14
  • Which of the following is NOT a ventral body
    cavity?
  • Thoracic
  • Spinal
  • Abdominal
  • Pelvic

139
Answer 14
  • Which of the following is NOT a ventral body
    cavity?
  • Thoracic
  • Spinal
  • Abdominal
  • Pelvic

140
Pop Question 15
  • Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs?
  • Pelvic cavity
  • Cranial cavity
  • Abdominal cavity
  • Thoracic cavity

141
Answer 15
  • Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs?
  • Pelvic cavity
  • Cranial cavity
  • Abdominal cavity
  • Thoracic cavity

142
Pop Question 16
  • Which direction term is interchangeable with
    inferior?
  • Caudal
  • Anterior
  • Dorsal
  • Medial

143
Answer 16
  • Which direction term is interchangeable with
    inferior?
  • Caudal
  • Anterior
  • Dorsal
  • Medial

144
Pop Question 17
  • Which directional term refers to the side?
  • Proximal
  • Lateral
  • Distal
  • Dorsal

145
Answer 17
  • Which directional term refers to the side?
  • Proximal
  • Lateral
  • Distal
  • Dorsal

146
Pop Question 18
  • The term prone refers to lying horizontally face
    down.
  • True
  • False

147
Answer 18
  • The term prone refers to lying horizontally face
    down.
  • True
  • False

148
Pop Question 19
  • In the Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen, name
    the middle area of the top row.
  • Hypogastric
  • Iliac
  • Umbilical
  • Epigastric

149
Answer 19
  • In the Anatomical Divisions of the Abdomen, name
    the middle area of the top row.
  • Hypogastric
  • Iliac
  • Umbilical
  • Epigastric

150
Pop Question 20
  • Which Clinical Division of the Abdomen contains
    the majority of the liver?
  • LUQ
  • RUQ
  • LLQ
  • RLQ

151
Answer 20
  • Which Clinical Division of the Abdomen contains
    the majority of the liver?
  • LUQ
  • RUQ
  • LLQ
  • RLQ
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