Gender in Relationships

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Chapter 2

• Gender in Relationships

2
Chapter Outline

• Terminology of Gender Roles
• Theories of Gender Role Development
• Agents of Socialization
• Gender Roles in Other Societies
• Consequences of Traditional Gender Role
  Socialization
• Changing Gender Roles

3
True or False?

• Ones biological sex may be described as being on
  a continuum rather than being dichotomously
  described as being female or male.

4
Answer True

• Ones biological sex may be described as being on
  a continuum rather than being dichotomously
  described as being female or male.

5
True or False?

• Up until age 6 or 7 years, children think they
  can change their gender and become the opposite
  sex.

6
Answer True

• Up until age 6 or 7 years, children think that
  they can change their gender and become the
  opposite sex.

7
True or False?

• How undergraduate women view themselves is very
  similar to the way undergraduate men view them.

8
Answer False

• What undergraduate men think about women is very
  different from what undergraduate women think
  about themselves.

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Terminology of Gender Roles

• Sex
• Gender
• Gender identity
• Gender roles
• Gender role ideology

• Gender dysphoria
• Transgenderism
• Transgendered
• Cross-dresser
• Transsexuals

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The Gender Role of Hunter

• Men were originally responsible for hunting and
  bringing meat back to the social unit for food.
  Women, who were nursing/caring for your children,
  were less mobile.

• Pg. 43

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Sex

• Biological distinction between females and males.
• Factors used to determine biological sex
• Chromosomes XX for female XY for male
• Gonads Ovaries for female testes for male
• Hormones
• Internal sex organs
• External genitals

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Transgender Categories
Category Biological Sex Sexual Orientation
Cross-dresser Either Either
Transvestite Male Gay
Transsexual Either Either
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Cross-dressing

• This heterosexual, married father of two children
  enjoys dressing as a woman.

• Pg. 44

14
Insert Video

• David Reimer Raised as a Girl (Run Time 1326)

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Gender Differences in Beliefs About Women
Unmarried women aged 30 years Men Believing Women Believing
Are unhappy/depressed 16.3 6.2
Women assume men are mindreaders 55.4 40.8
Women are controlling 58.2 36.4
Red-haired women are fiery and saucy 23.7 9.2
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Gender Differences in Beliefs About Women
Unmarried women aged 30 years Men Believing Women Believing
Women want marriage, not cohabitation 84.0 68.2
Women love money 16.7 3.5
Women are possessive 52.1 32.9
Women are manipulative 58.3 33.3
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Question

• Which of the following refers to the biological
  distinction between females and males?
• role characterization
• sex
• gender
• Sexology

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Answer B

• Sex refers to the biological distinction between
  females and males.

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Theories of Gender Role Development

• Sociobiology
• Social Learning
• Identification
• Cognitive-Developmental Theory

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Theories of Gender Role Development

• Sociobiology (Biosocial)
• Emphasizes that social behavior and gender roles
  have a biological basis in terms of being
  functional in human evolution.

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Theories of Gender Role Development

• Social Learning
• Derived from the school of behavioral psychology.
• Emphasizes the roles of reward and punishment in
  explaining how a child learns gender role
  behavior.

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Theories of Gender Role Development

• Identification
• Children acquire the characteristics and
  behaviors of their same-sex parent through a
  process of identification.

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Theories of Gender Role Development

• Cognitive-Developmental Theory
• Reflects a blend of biological and social
  learning views.
• The biological readiness, in terms of cognitive
  development, of the child influences how the
  child responds to gender cues in the environment.

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Question

• Which theory emphasizes the role of reward and
  punishment in explaining how a child learns
  gender role behavior?
• gender role transcendence
• identification
• cognitive-developmental theory
• social learning theory

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Answer D

• Social learning theory emphasizes the role of
  reward and punishment in explaining how a child
  learns gender role behavior.

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Agents of Socialization

• Sources influencing gender socialization
• Family
• Race/Ethnicity
• Peers
• Religion
• Education
• Economy
• Mass Media

27
Gender Roles Women in Afghanistan under the
Taliban

• Afghan women go uneducated, become child brides,
  produce children, and rarely expect their
  daughters lives to be different.

28
Gender Roles Chinese-Americans

• As a result of immigration, industrialization,
  and urbanization, gender roles of
  Chinese-Americans have become more egalitarian.
• Both women and men are now breadwinners, which
  has resulted in the downward shift of the
  husbands occupational status with more sharing
  of housework.

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Gender Roles Punjab, Pakistan

• Pakistani women reported that they had limited
  control over their lives, as evidenced by the
  expectation of early marriage, quick conception,
  and limited access to contraceptives.
• The women also expressed a strong preference for
  sons, which reflected womens subordinate
  position in society.

30
Gender Roles Sweden

• The Swedish government is strongly concerned with
  equality between women and men.
• In 1974 Sweden became the first country in the
  world to introduce a system that enables mothers
  and fathers to share parental leave (paid by the
  government) from their jobs in any way they
  choose.

31
Gender Roles Africa

• Many African women who believe in and desire
  better lives will not call themselves feminists
  for fear of social censure.
• Change for people whose lives are based on
  tradition and fitting in can be very traumatic.

32
Question

• The social norms that dictate what is socially
  regarded as appropriate female and male behaviors
  make up one's
• gender roles.
• gender identity.
• sex roles.
• socialization.

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Answer A

• The social norms that dictate what is socially
  regarded as appropriate female and male behaviors
  make up one's gender roles.

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Consequences of Traditional Gender Role
Socialization

• Negative
• Less education/income
• High HIV Infection Risk
• Negative self-concept
• Value defined by beauty
• Less marital satisfaction no wife at home

• Positive
• Longer life
• Closer mother-child bond
• Greater emotionality
• Identity not tied to job
• Greater relationship focus

35
Womens and Mens Median Income with Similar
Education
Bachelors Masters Doctoral Degree
Men 50,916 61,698 73,853
Women 31,309 41,334 53,003
36
Feminization of Poverty

• Disproportionate percentage of poverty
  experienced by women living alone or with their
  children.
• Poverty contributes to teen pregnancy, since
  teens have limited supervision and few
  alternatives to parenthood.
• Early childbearing interferes with education and
  restricts earning capacity.
• Offspring are born into poverty, and the cycle
  repeats.

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Female Genital Mutilation

• Surgical procedures involving partial or total
  removal of the external genitalia or other
  injuries to the female genitalia for cultural or
  other non-therapeutic reasons.
• Parents believe female circumcision makes their
  daughters marketable for marriage.
• Many daughters view it as a rite of passage.

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Consequences of Traditional Male Role
Socialization
Negative Consequences Positive Consequences
Identity tied to work role Higher income and job status
Limited emotionality More positive self-concept
Fear of intimacy Less job discrimination
Disadvantaged in getting custody Freedom of movement, more partners to select from
Shorter life Happier marriage
39
Gender Role Socialization and Relationship
Choices for Women

• A woman who is not socialized to pursue an
  education may feel pressure to stay in an unhappy
  relationship.
• Women who are socialized to not initiate
  relationships are limiting interactions that
  could develop into valued relationships.
• Women who are socialized to accept that they are
  less valuable than men are less likely to achieve
  egalitarian relationships.

40
Gender Role Socialization and Relationship
Choices for Women

• Women who view their worth in terms of age and
  appearance are likely to feel bad about
  themselves as they age.
• Women who are socialized to accept that they are
  solely responsible for taking care of their
  parents, children, and husband are likely to
  experience role overload.
• Women who are socialized to emphasize the
  importance of relationships will seek
  relationships that are emotionally satisfying.

41
Gender Role Socialization and Relationship
Choices for Men

• Men who are socialized to define themselves in
  terms of their income leave their self-esteem
  vulnerable should they become unemployed.
• Men who are socialized to restrict their
  expression of emotions are denied the opportunity
  interpersonal sharing.
• Men who are socialized to believe it is not their
  role to participate in domestic activities will
  not be competent in these life skills.

42
Gender Role Socialization and Relationship
Choices for Men

• Heterosexual men who focus on cultural
  definitions of female beauty overlook potential
  partners.
• Men who are socialized to view women who initiate
  relationships negatively are restricted in their
  relationship opportunities.
• Men who are socialized to be in control of
  relationship encounters may alienate their
  partners, who may desire equal influence in
  relationships.

43
Androgyny

• A blend of traits stereotypically associated with
  masculinity and femininity.
• Physiological androgyny refers to intersexed
  individuals.
• Behavioral androgyny refers to the blending or
  reversal of traditional male and female behavior,
  so a biological male may be gentle, and nurturing
  and a biological female may be assertive and
  selfish.

44
Androgyny

• This androgynous person has physical features of
  both a woman and a man.

• Pg. 65

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Positive Androgyny

• Devoid of the negative traits of masculinity
• aggression, hard-heartedness, indifference,
  selfishness, showing off, vindictiveness
• Devoid of the negative traits of femininity
• being passive, submissive, temperamental, fragile

46
INSERT VIDEO

• 5. Asexuality? (Run time 434)

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Question

• Which term refers to a blend of traits that is
  associated with masculinity and femininity?
• gender orientation
• hermaphroditism
• transgendered
• androgyny

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Answer D

• Androgyny refers to a blend of traits associated
  with masculinity and femininity.