Chapter 4 Components for Electronic Systems

1
Chapter 4 Components for Electronic Systems

• Description of geometrical, thermal and some
  electrical properties of main types of
  components. No description of electrical
  properties of monolithic circuits.

The course material was developed in INSIGTH II,
a project sponsored by the Leonardo da Vinci
program of the European Union
2
Hole Mounted Resistors

• Mature design, fig. 4.1
• Carbon composite (a)
• Metal film (b)
• Wire wound (c)

3
Surface Mounted Resistors

• Fig.4.2.a Thick film layers on ceramic
  substrate, rectangular shape

4
Surface Mounted Resistors

• Fig. 4.2 b) Metal system for termination on SMD
  resistors.

5
Surface Mounted Resistors

• Fig. 4.2 c) MELF-resistors have cylindrical
  body.(MELF is acronym for Metal Electrode Face
  Bonding)

6
Surface Mounted Resistors

• Table 4.1 Properties of SMD resistors

7
Surface Mounted Resistors

• Table 4.2 The resistance series E24, 12 and 6

8
Hole Mounted Resistors

• Coding

Color Value Multiplier Tolerance()
Black 0 0 -
Brown 1 1 1
Red 2 2 2
Orange 3 3 0.05
Yellow 4 4 -
Green 5 5 0.5
Blue 6 6 0.25
Violet 7 7 0.1
Gray 8 8 -
White 9 9 -
Gold - -1 5
Silver - -2 10
None - - 20
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Capacitors

• In addition the capacitance, the following
  properties are important
• Maximum voltage rating
• Temperature dependence of the capacitance
  (temperature coefficient)
• Loss tangent (tan d), see below
• Equivalent series resistance
• Long term stability and ageing phenomena
• High frequency properties
• Leakage current
• Ability to withstand various production processes
  (high temperature, etc.)
• Price, physical size, etc.
• Web www.interq.or.jp/japan/se-inoue/e_capa.htm

10
Capacitors, continued

• Main types
• Ceramic multilayer
• Electrolytic dry, polarized
• Electrolytic, wet, polarized
• Metallized plastic film
• Mica

11
Capacitors, continued

• Electrical modelC (eo er A) /d Z
  Rs2 (wL - 1/wC)21/2Rs series
  resistance (Rp neglected),L inductance, fig.
  4.5 Resonance frequency will be whenwL
  1/wC Loss tangenttan d R / Im Z
  Rp Rs 1 (wCRp)2 / wCRp2 - w L (1
  (wCRp)2

C
A electrode area
d electrode distance
12
Capacitors, continued

• Fig. 4.3 Electrical equivalent model for
  capacitor. If Rp can be neglected the impedance
  is given by Z Rs2 (wL - 1/wC)21/2
• Fig. 4.4 The frequency dependence of impedance
  for multilayer ceramic capacitors (below) and
  tantalum electrolytic capacitors (top), all
  having 100 nF capacitance value.

13
Capacitors, continued

• Fig. 4.5 Frequency dependence of the loss
  tangent tan d schematically.tan d R / Im Z
  Rp Rs ( 1 ( wCRp)2) / ( wCRp2 - w L (1 (
  wCRp)2)

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Capacitors, continued

• Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

Fig. 4.7.a SMD Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor
Fig. 4.7.b Metal system for the end termination
of multilayer ceramic capacitors.
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Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor, continued

• Class 1 Low capacitance, good electrical
  properties, types NP0, N220, N750, COG, etc.
• Class 2 High capacitance, poorer electrical
  behaviour, types X7R, Z5U

Fig. 4.8 Relative dielectric constant for
ferroelectric ceramic compositions (class 2), as
a function of temperature, near the Curie point
16
Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors, continued

• Fig. 4.9 Properties of dielectrics of the types
  NP0, X7R and Z5U in SMD ceramic multilayer
  capacitors. Top The voltage dependence of
  capacitance.
• Middle Loss tangent as function of
  temperature.Bottom The temperature coefficient
  of the capacitance (Philips).

17
Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors, continued

• Fig. 4.10 Crack formation because of thermal
  stress in ceramic capacitors

18
Capacitors, continued

• Tantalum, Dry Electrolytic
• Very high capacitance, low voltages, low leakage
  current

Fig. 4.11 a) Tantalum SMD electrolytic capacitor
(Philips), and hole mounted tantalum capacitors
(Siemens) Tantalum oxide is Ta2O5.
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Capacitors, continued

• Electrolytic Capacitors why they are polarised
• The capacitance is the oxidised surface of the
  anode
• Reversed polarity will remove the oxide by
  reduction reaction at the anode and loss of
  dielectric isolation leading to short-circuiting

Fig. 4.11 a) Tantalum SMD electrolytic capacitor
(Philips), and hole mounted tantalum capacitors
(Siemens)
20
Capacitors, continued

• Tantalum, Dry Electrolytic

Fig. 4.11 b) Electrical properties of dry
tantalum electrolytic capacitors. (Data from
Philips)
21
Wet Electrolytic Aluminium Capacitors

• Fig. 4.12 a) Aluminium electrolytic capacitor
  for SMD mounting. (From Philips)

22
Wet Electrolytic Aluminium Capacitors

• Fig. 4.12 b) Aluminium electrolytic capacitor
  properties (Philips).
• Top Temperature dependence of the capacitance,
  relative to the value at 20 C.
• Middle Temperature dependence of tan d.
• Bottom Temperature dependence of impedance at a
  frequency of 10 kHz.

23
Diodes and Transistors

• Fig. 4.13 Axial, plastic encapsulated, hole
  mounted diodes to the left.
• Centre A plastic can with metal base for power
  diodes. It can be hole mounted or surface
  mounted, depending on how the leads are bent. The
  base is screwed to the substrate.
• Right A higher power diode in a metal can. Screw
  mounted to the substrate for efficient thermal
  contact.

24
Diodes and Transistors, continued

• Fig. 4.14 Various types of hole mounted
  transistor packages
• a) Left Plastic packages, b) Centre Low power
  metal packages
• c) Right Metal package for high power
  transistors. For the high power package, the
  collector is connected to the metal body.

25
Diodes and Transistors , continued

• Fig. 4.15 MELF-package for SMD diodes. The
  standard size is designated SOD-80, with
  dimensions shown to the right. (MELF Metal
  Electrode Face Bonding)

26
Diodes and Transistors, continued

• Fig. 4.16 SOT-packages for SMD diodes and
  transistors The most common, SOT-23 top left,
  SOT-89 for power transistors in the middle, and
  SOT-143 with four terminals to the right. The
  dimensions for SOT-23 are shown bottom left, and
  a cut-through SOT-89 in the middle. Ceramic SMD
  transistor packages with terminal placement like
  for SOT-23 are shown bottom right.

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IC Packages

• Plastic or Ceramic IC Packages?
• Plastic
• Not hermetic
• Low price in large quantities
• High initial cost
• Low thermal conductivity
• Limited time at high temperature
• Thermal mismatch to Si chip and metals
• Not suitable for for high frequency circuits
• Ceramic
• Hermetic, good reliability
• Costly, but OK for prototyping
• Good thermal conductivity
• Low thermal coefficient of expansion, matches
  well with Si, mismatch to organic substrates
• Gold metallization must be removed
• Well defined high frequency properties

28
Packages for Hole Mounted ICs

• Fig. 4.17a) DIP (Dual-in-line) IC package. b)
  Partly cross-sectioned DIP package which shows
  the silicon chip, bonding wires, lead frame and
  plastic body. c) The terminal organisation for 4
  two-input NOR gates in a 14 pins package.

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Packages for Hole Mounted ICs, continued

• Fig. 4.18 Pin grid packages To the left a
  cavity up ceramic package, and to the right a
  plastic moulded package.

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SMD IC Packages

• Small Outline (SO)
• Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier (PLCC)
• Leadless Chip Carrier (LLCC)
• Leaded Ceramic Chip Carrier (LDCC)
• Flatpack, mini-flatpack
• TapePak
• Chip Scale Packages

31
SMD IC Packages, continued

• Fig. 4.19 Surface mounted SO (Small Outline) IC
  package. (From Philips)

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SMD IC Packages, continued

• Table 4.3 Dimensions for SO- and VSO packages.
  Centre-to-centre lead distance is normally 50
  mils, except for VSO-40 with 30 mils and VSO-56
  with 0.75 mm.

33
SMD IC PackagesPlastic Leaded Chip Carrier
(PLCC)

• Fig. 4.20 Plastic leaded chip carrier with
  (PLCC). They are normally square with an equal
  number of terminals on all four sides (top). For
  large DRAMs, the package has terminals on only
  two sides, also being called SOJ. The bottom
  figure shows a 1 or 4 Mbit DRAM package.

34
SMD IC PackagesPlastic Leaded Chip Carrier
(PLCC)

• Table 4.4 Dimensions for PLCC packages. Format
  means the number of terminals on two neighbouring
  sides.

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Leadless Chip Carrier (LLCC)Leaded Ceramic Chip
Carrier (LDCC)

• Fig. 4.21 a) The various types of ceramic chip
  carriers 4.15. Types A -D to the left are
  leadless (LLCC), whereas types A and B to the
  right are meant for mounting leads (LDCC).

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Leadless Chip Carrier (LLCC)

• Fig. 4.21 b) LLCC packages, additional details.
  The longest terminal is to designate electrical
  terminal number 1 in the circuit.

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Leadless Chip Carrier (LLCC), continued

• Table 4.5. LLCCs, dimensions.

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Leaded Ceramic Chip Carrier (LDCC)

• Fig. 4.22 Leaded ceramic chip carriers.

39
Leaded Ceramic Chip Carrier (LDCC), continued

• Fig. 4.23 Various shapes of the leads, and
  leadless termination for comparison.

40
Flatpacks

• Fig. 4.24 Quad flatpack with leads on all four
  sides. Flatpacks are usually made of plastic or
  ceramic. They have leads on four or two sides.

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Mini-flatpacks

• Fig. 4.25 Mini-flatpacks is a name for higher
  density flatpacks Typically 84 - 244 terminals
  and a pitch of 25 mils.

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TapePak

• Fig. 4.26 National Semiconductors TapePak
  component packages are specified with terminal
  numbers between 40 and close to 600. To the left
  we see a 40 leads TapePak in the form it is
  received by the user with a protective ring
  around it, and test points outside the ring. To
  the right is TapePak 40 after excising and lead
  bending, seen from above and from the side.

43
High Performance Packages

• Multilayer ceramic, Al2O3 or AlN
• Ground planes
• Controlled characteristic impedance
• Thermal vias

44
High Performance Packages

• Fig. 4.27 Thermal via-holes in the printed
  circuit board, for better heat conduction.

45
High Performance Packages

• Fig. 4.28 Multilayer package for high frequency
  GaAs circuits with 3 ground planes, 2 voltage
  planes, 1 signal layer and a top conductor layer
  for contacts and sealing (Triquint).

46
High Performance Packages, continued

• Fig. 4.29 Multichip package for memory module in
  a Hitachi high-performance computer 4.18. The
  module contains 6 ECL chips, mounted by flip chip.

47
Packages Future Trends

• Fig. 4.30 Comparison between the size of various
  package forms for an integrated circuit with
  approximately 64 terminals.

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Packages Future Trends, continued

• Fig. 4.31 History and prognosis for the use of
  various sizes of passive SMD components, in
  percentage of the total number.

49
Metallization of Terminals

• Passives
• Ag in alloy with Pd, Ni barrier, Sn/Pb
• Ag in solder alloy
• With adhesive mounting
• No Sn/Pb on terminal
• ICs
• Au removed
• Sn/Pb coating

50
Terminal Metallization, Solderability and
Reliability

• Fig. 4.32 Strain at fracture of solder fillet as
  function of gold concentration in the solder
  metal, relative to value without gold.

51
Electrostatic Discharges (ESD)

• Unprotected MOS Max 5 - 80 V on input before
  destroyed
• Triboelectricity gtgt1000 V discharge
• Billions of damage annually
• Protected circuits tolerate 500 - 8000 V
• Extensive precautions in industry, handling and
  packing

52
Electrostatic Discharges - Component Damages and
Precautions

• Fig. 4.33 MOS transistor schematically. The gate
  oxide is very vulnerable for damage by
  electrostatic discharge. Gate oxides down below
  200 Å (20 nm) are now used.

53
Electrostatic Discharges - Component Damages and
Precautions, continued

• Fig. 4.34 CMOS circuit exposed to electrostatic
  damage Silicon has molten in a small area.
  Picture size ? 5?m x 5?m.

54
Electrostatic Discharges - Component Damages and
Precautions, continued

• Fig. 4.35 ESD protection circuit at in- and
  outputs for MOS and for bipolar circuits.

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Component Packaging

• Paper tape (hole mounted passives)
• Blister tape (SMD passives, discretes, small ICs)
• Sticks (DIPs, SMD ICs)
• Waffle trays (Flatpacks)
• Stack magazine
• Bulk Not suited for automatic mounting

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Component Packaging for Automatic Placement

• Fig. 4.36 Blister tape for surface mounted
  components. Standard dimensions for 8 mm wide
  tape.

57
Component Packagingfor Automatic Placement

• Fig. 4.37 Plastic sticks as packaging for SMD
  integrated circuits.

58
Component Packagingfor Automatic Placement

• Fig. 4.38 Waffle trays packaging for flatpacks
  to the left, frame for stacking of single
  component to the right.

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End of Chapter 4 Components for Electronic
Systems

• Important issues
• Components
• Distinguish between the different components
• Packages for electronic devices
• Distinguish between the different packages
• Electrostatic discharges
• Component packaging
• Used for automatic assembly machines