ASP????

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Outline

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?????????

• ??British Petrol???,??????????,????????????40?50??
  
• 1997?12?,??????????????????????????,??2008??2012??
  ,???????????????????1990???5.2?
• ????????1,000????,??????33???????9???????,????????
  ??12?8?
• ????????????(??????????20??)???????6-10??,????40??
  ??????,???????????
• ???????????,??????????????
• ????????????????????,?????????????????????

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Power limitation
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????????
6
(No Transcript)
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????????

• 1839???????????????,??????,????,?????????
• 1960?,??GE????????????????????,??????????
• 1967?,???????????,?????????
• 1981?,???????,???????????(????????????????????????
  ???)
• 1969?,??????????????????????1978????????????????

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• ??????(??)????(??)??????????????????????
• ??
• ???(???????)
• ???(??50)
• ???????????
• ????(????)
• ?????????

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• ???--??????????????????,????????????,?????????????
  ????????????????,??????????
• ???--?????????????????????,????????????,??????????
  ,???????????80?
• ???-- ????????????,???????????,?????????
• ???-- ?????????????????,????????????,?????????
• ???-- ???????????????,??????,?????????????????????
  ??????,????????????,?????????????,?????????????
• ??????--????????????????????????????????,???????,?
  ?????????????????????????????????????????,????????
  ?,??????????

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?????????

• ???????????,????????,???????????????
• ???????????????
• ??????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????,?????????

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??????
15
?????????

• ???(Fuel Cell Stack)
• ????(Fuel Processing)
• ??????(Electric Power Conversion)
• ????(Balance Of Plant)
• http//www.nfcrc.uci.edu/fcresources/FCexplained/F
  C_animation.htm

Source National Fuel Cell Research Center, UC
Irvine
16
??????????

• 1996?????Santa Clara???????????,???2MW????
• ????????
• ??????44
• ???16??????,??????100kW????

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???????
???? ? ?(PAFC) ?????(MCFC) ?????(SOFC) ? ? (AFC) ?????(PEFC)
??? H3PO4 Li2CO3-K2CO3 ZrO2 KOH ???????
?? C(?Pt) Ni(?Cr,Al) ??(Ni,Zr) C(?Pt) C(?Pt)
?? C(?Pt) NiO ??????LaMnO4 C(???) C(?Pt)???
???? H CO32- O2- OH- H
???? 1802000C 6500C 10000C ??1000C ??800C
???? lt120psia lt120psia ?? lt60psia lt30psia
???? ????????? ???????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????
???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??
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???????
???? ? ?(PAFC) ?????(MCFC) ?????(SOFC) ? ? (AFC) ?????(PEFC)
? ? ???CO??????? ?????? ????CO?? ????????CO2 ????? ????CO?? ????,??????????? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????,???,??? ???????,??????
? ? ?CO2??? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????
? ? ?CO?? ????? ??? ????????????? ??????   ?????? ???????? ??? ?CO???? ???????
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???????
???? ? ? (PAFC) ????? (MCFC) ????? (SOFC) ? ? (AFC) ????? (PEFC)
???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???
???? 40 50 50 40 40
? ? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????  ??? ???  ?????? ????? ????? ???????
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?????????
21
?????? (Phosphoric Acid, PAFC)

• ??????????
• ?????????????????????
• ?????? 40,?? 85 ????????????
  ???????????????35
• ??????????,????? 450F
• ????????????????,???? 1.5 ?CO??

UTC 200kW PAFC Power Plant
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?????????(Proton Exchange Membrane, PEMFC)

• ?????????????????? (?175F)
• ?????,???????????
• ???????,???????
• ?????(DOE)???????????????,?????????????
• ??????????
• ????????50W??? kW

Ballard 250kW PEMFC Power Plant
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PEMFC???
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?????????(Molten Carbonate, MCFC)

• ?????????????????????
• ???????,?1,200ºF
• ????????????????????????
• ?????10 kW??? MW
• ????????????

FuelCell Energy 2MW Molten Carbonate power Plant
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?????????(Solid Oxide, SOFC)

• ???????????????????????????
• ??????,? 1800F
• SOFC ??????????

Siemens Tubular Solid Oxide Power Plant
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?????? (Alkaline, AFC)

• ?????NASA?????????????,??????70
• ???????????????????
• ???????????,??? 160F
• ?????????,????????????????

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??????????????
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????????(Direct Methanol, DMFC)

• ? PEMFC??,??????????????DMFC?????????????????????
  ,?????????(fuel reformer)
• ?????? 40,???120-190F
• ??????????????,????????????
• ???????,????????

FuelCell Energy 250kW FC Power Plant
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????????????????
?????? ?????? ??????
?????? (WattHours per Liter) (WattHours per Kg)
????
Ni/Cd(cell only) 130 40
Ni/MH(cell only) 200 60
Li-lon Polymer(cell only) 300 160
Li-lon(cell only) 310 125
Li-lon Polymer(pack) 170 105
Li-lon(pack) 190 100
????
Methanol(theoretical) 4.71 5,960
Methanol(35 effl) 1,673 2,086
Methanol(35 FC) ltlt1,673 ltlt2,086
Source DOE fuel cell portable power workshop -
Motorola lab
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????????????

• ??????(PAFC)
• ??( anode ) H2 ? 2H2e-
• ??( cathode ) O24H4e- ? 2H2O
• ?????????(MCFC)
• ??( anode ) H2CO3 2- ? H2OCO22e-
• ??( cathode ) O2 2CO24e-? 2CO3 2-
• ?????????(SOFC)
• ??( anode ) H2O 2- ? H2O2e-
• ??( cathode ) O2 4e-? 2O 2-
• ??????(AFC)
• ??( anode ) H22OH- ? 2H2O2e-
• ??( cathode )O22H2O4e- ? 4 OH-

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?????????????
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???????(Zinc-Air, ZAFC)

• ZAFC???????????,????????????,???????????,????????
• ZAFC????????(gas diffusion electrode,
  GDE)?????GDE?????????????
• ?????????????,????????????????,?????????,??????

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???????

• ZAFC ??????????????????????????,??????????????????
  ??
• ?????? ,???????????,????????(????)
  ,???????,??????????(?????)
• ??????????PEMFC,?????????,????????? 

34
??????????

• ZAFC???????,????????,????
• ZAFC?????? ???????(?UPS)????????????????

Power Air's 6th generation zinc air fuel
cell (Source http//www.poweraircorp.com)
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ZAFC vs Batteries
Batteries Zinc Air Fuel Cell
Strengths Strengths
Silent Operation Silent, clean operation
Relatively clean Suitable for indoors
Suitable for indoors Scalable
Scalable Low maintenance no tracking of acid and  lead content
Weaknesses  
Short run times Long run times (fuel supply)
Long recharge times (e.g. 8 hours) Short re-fueling times (in minutes)
Require maintenance Waste is re-cycled into re-useable fuel
Variable lifetimes Consistent lifetimes
Disposal/harzardous waste issues Fuel re-cycling
Large footprints/heavy Small footprint, light weight
Charge status issues Consistent charge
Derate over time (low shelf life) No derating (long shelf life)
Low specific energy (e.g. 3wh/kg,   40 wh/lter) High specific energy (200 wh/kg, 225 wh/liter)
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???????

• ????? (???????)
• ???????????????????????????????
• ????
• ????????????????????????
• ?????
• ????????????????????
• ??????
• ????????????????,?????????????
• ?????????????
• ????
• ??????????????????????????(??)???

37
?????

• ????? 2500 ???????????????,???????? ???
  ????,????????200kW PAFC,???Toshiba??

FuelCell Energy 2MW Molton Carbonate fuel cell
plant
38
????

• ???????????????,?????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????,???????????

39
?????

• ?????????????????????????,????????
• ????????????? PDA?DV??????????????
• ?????????????

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?????

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???????
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???????
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????
Chrysler????????
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????
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????
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????
Source http//www.fuelcells.org
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??/????

• ??????,????????????

UTC 200W Japan power plant running on waste gas
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????????
52
?????????????

• ?????????
• 1998?????????????
• ??205kW
• ????400km
• ??60?
• ??????????

53
???????????

• ???????????2010??,???????????5??,2020???500?????,?
  ?????????,????????????????????
• Toyota??2003???????????,??????????1000???????????,
  ????????,????????????????,

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?????????????????
55
??????

• ?????????????????(??100C ),?????????????(PEM)????
  ???(AFC)
• ??????????
• ??????,???????80?,????????????????
• ???????,?????,??????????? (?????,?????????????????
  ??? (hydrogen-rich) ??
• ????????????????????
• ?????????????????,?????50??,CO2????75??,????????
  ??
• ?????????????,???????,????????????????,????

56
????????????

• ??????????????????????
• ???(reformer)?????????????????(hydrogen-rich)????
  ,??????????
• ????(fuel cell stack)????????????????,???????????
  ???????????,??????(?)????
• ?????(inverter/converter)????????????????????,???
  ?????????????

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?????????????
58
?????????????

• ???????
• ???????????????????????????????????,??????????????
  ?????? (infrastructure)
• ???????
• ???????????????????????????????????,??????????????
  ?????,????????300?,???????????800?
• ???????????????,???????????
• ????????????,?????????????????
• ???????????????,??????CO2??
• ?????????
• ???????????2020???500????????????,???????37?5?mm3?
  ??,???????????????????????
• ???????????????CO2??,???CO2????????????????
• ?????????????????????,????????????????????????

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Hydrogen generation
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?????????????

• ?????????
• ??????????????????????????,???????????,???????????
  ??,???????
• ????????
• ????(compressed hydrogen gas),?????????????,??????
  ????,??????????,???????????????????
• ????,???????? -273?????????????,??????????????????
  ?
• ???????????(metal hydride),???????1.52.0wt
  ,?????????????
• ??????
• ???????????????????,??????????????,???????????????
  ,???????????,?????(200?)?????????????????????

61
????????????

• ????????????????
• ????,?????????????
• ?????
• ?????????
• ????
• ??????

62
??????????

• ????????
• ZES IV????24V??,??????????????????????109??,???52
  ??, ???60??

63
??????????

• ????????
• ?2003?10???????????,???????????????????,????6??,??
  ????10??(?????????????)
• ????????????2004?6?????,??????,???????1000W,??????
  ?12??(?????????????)

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• ??????????

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??????????

• ??????????

66
??????????

• ????????

67
????

• ????, ?????, ????????
• Fuel Cells 2000, http//www.fuelcells.org
• Zinc Air Corp., http//www.poweraircorp.com
• ??????????, http//www.antig.com
• National Fuel Cell Research Center,
  http//www.nfcrc.uci.edu