Chp 25: Human Geography of South Asia

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Chp 25 Human Geography of South Asia
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4 sub regions of South Asia

• India
• Pakistan Bangladesh
• Nepal Bhutan
• Sri Lanka the Maldives

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Differences between the northern and southern
regions of Southeast Asia

• North
• Development along the Ganges River
• Rice cultivation
• Surplus food
• Increases in population
• Civilization develops into kingdoms
• Raja-head of state
• part of the warrior class

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Differences between the north and south

• South
• Geography makes unification difficult
• Also develop caste system (future slides)
• Spread to the coast
• Develop sea ports and sea trading networks

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Indo-Aryans

• LanguageSanskrit
• VarnasClass/caste system
• Kshatriyaswarrior class
• Brahminspriest class
• Vaisyasmerchants,
• Sudrasartisans, farmers
• Non-Indo-Aryans
• Untouchables
• Created by the Purusha (universal spirit)

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Take Five

• Name the 3 major religions that emerged from
  Southeast Asia.

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Hinduism

• Brahma-the creator
• Vishnu-the preserver
• Siva-the destroyer
• Essential beliefs of
• Hinduism
• Reincarnation
• dharma (moral duty)
• Karma (good or bad)

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Hinduism

• Vedas
• Rig-veda
• Preservation of all life

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Buddhism

• Siddhartha Gautama
• Buddha or the Enlightened One
• Essential beliefs
• Four noble truths
• 1. all human life contains suffering
• and sorrow
• 2. desire causes suffering
• 3. by rejecting desire, people can attain
  nirvana, which frees the soul from reincarnation
• 4. following the eightfold path leads to the
  rejection of desire

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Essential beliefs of Buddhism

• Rejected the Vedas (ancient religious texts)
• Opposed the Brahmins
• Rejected the Varna (caste) system
• Theraveda way of the elders
• Mahayana greater vehicletotal peace to live a
  moral life and then be rewarded

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Buddhism (cont)

• The Eightfold Path
• right faith
• intentions
• speech
• action
• living
• effort
• mindfulness
• meditation

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Wheel of Life
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Jainism

• Founders 24 Jinas (those who have overcome)
• Ahimsa-path of non-violence
• Vegetarians
• Based on 3 Ratnas (jewels) Right faith Right
  knowledge Right action

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Mahavira

• Prince Vardhaman
• Rejected life as a prince
• Focused on meditation and suffering for Jainism
• Became known as Mahavira Great Hero
• Achieves Nirvana and Moksha with death at 72
• Celebrated as Jainism holiday

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India

• Early Indian civilization
• Indus Valley 2500 BC
• Aryans crossed the
• mountains of Hindu Kush
• and took control
• of the region pushing the native
• peoples to the South

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Unification by the Mauryan Empire

• Asoka the Great 321 BC
• Unifies India and Spreads Buddhism

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Mauryan Empire
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Gupta Empire Takes Over

• Chandragupta I comes to power in approximately
  330 BC and unites northern India
• Chandragupta I is followed by sons and grandsons
  who expand more of northern and eastern India
• Ruled until approximately 500 BC

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Hindu culture in the Gupta Age

• classical age
• Advances in art and literature
• Advances in mathematics science
• numerals and decimal system
• est. (pi) that the earth is spherical and
  rotates on an axis
• Advances in medicine

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Gupta Society

• Expansion of the jati (caste system) system
• The 4 stages of life
• Mokshaliberation from reincarnationthe cycle
  of death and rebirth
• Women in Guptan society
• Sutteethe practice of committing suicide in the
  event husband dies (usually only the upper
  classes)

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A Widows Self Sacrifice
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Other Invaders

• Central Asian Peoples
• Muslims
• Establishment of the
• Mughal Empire from the
• 1500s to the 1700s

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European Imperialism

• French, Dutch, Portuguese, and British make trade
  relationships with Indian chiefs
• Great Britain ultimately successful
• Est. British East India Co.
• Controlled trade by 1757
• Controlled India by 1857 called the raj
• Controlled for 90 years despite rebellions

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Non-violent Protest

• Mohandas Gandhi
• Great Britain grants independence (8-14-1947)
• Division of India
• Pakistan and Bangladesh separate
• Division leads to conflict
• Hindus vs Muslims

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Worlds Largest Democracy

• Effects of British imperialism
• Federation of states (like US)
• Prime minister (like G.B.)
• Parliamentary democracy (like G.B.)
• Representation from all groups Hindu, Muslim,
  Sikhs Tamils
• Assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
  (1984) by a Sikh extremist

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Take Five

• Complete the skillbuilder on pg. 569

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Economy of India

• One of worlds largest, but slowest economies
• ½ of Indias population are impoverished
• 2/3s are farmers
• 5 of the population own 25 of the land (1990s)
• Land reformredistribution of land (unsuccessful)
• Green Revolution more successfulnew farming
  techniques and increased crop yields

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Economy of India

• Cotton textiles
• Iron, steel, chemical, machinery etc
• Major industrial cities
• Calcutta
• Bombay most industrialized city
• Ahmadabad
• Madras
• Bangalore center for technology

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Tradition vs Modern Ideology

• Arranged marriages
• Extended family groups
• Vegetarians (religion)
• Soccer, field hockey etc
• Bollywood (Hollywood Indian style) Bombay

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Indian Culture

• Educationgrowing literacy rates
• Many languagesmostly Sanskrit
• Southern India4 main languages

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Chp 25 Section 2 Pakistan and Bangladesh
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Take Five

• Why did Pakistan and Bangladesh break away from
  India after the British occupation?

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Early civilization

• Today Pakistan Indus River Valley civilization
  2500 BC
• Sophisticated for its time period with major
  cities and irrigation systems
• Fell to Aryans around 1500 BC and then suffered
  from other invasions

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Partition

• Division of India
• India (Hindu) Muslim Pakistan (East West)
• Conflict and violence (approx. 1 million deaths)
• Movement of people across borders
• Additional conflict and civil war between E W
  Pakistan
• 1971 East Pakistan won its independence and
  became Bangladesh

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Wally Points

• If E and W Pakistan are both Muslim countries,
  then why did they fight a civil war?

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Politics in Pakistan and Bangladesh

• Attempted democraciesfailed
• Military rule dominates
• Political corruption
• 1990s both countries had female prime ministers
  (a step in the right direction???)
• Conflict, war and violence
• Ex Kashmirfighting over territory between India
  and Pakistan

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Economics

• Large populations
• Primarily agricultural based economies
• Subsistence farming
• Hindered by seasonal monsoons, drought, cyclones
  and low yields
• Most productive in Pakistan through irrigation
  from the Indus River
• Rice, cotton and freshwater fish are main
  industries for export
• Poverty (Bangladesh one of the poorest countries
  in the world)

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Economics (cont)

• Small industry
• Lack capital, resources, educated workforce and
  markets
• Textile industries primarily
• Cotton, wool and leather goods
• MicrocreditBegan in Bangladesh and offered to
  small business owners (some women). Small
  business owners join together and apply for a
  joint loanmust repay the loan together.

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Take Five

• Complete the skill builder questions on pg. 575.

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Wally Points

• What do you see as potential problems with
  microcredit?

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Religion

• Both Pakistan and Bangladesh were part of the
  Mughal empire and therefore Muslim
• Only about 10 of the population are Hindu
• Practice the Muslim faith
• Ramadan and Mosques
• Pakistan is stricter
• Ex Purdahseclusion of women (wearing veils)

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Ethnic diversity

• Pakistan has 5 main ethnic groups
• Each has own language and culture
• Each has own regional territory with Pakistan
• Urdu is the official language of Pakistan
• Bangladesh primarily one ethnic group Bengalis
• Primary language is Sanskrit

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Culture

• Arranged marriages common
• Families live together in extended family units
• Most people are rural and live simply
• Large cities are overcrowdedtraffic is a problem
• Enjoy sports soccer and cricket and Bollywood!!
• Attend mushairas (large gatherings for poetry
  readings)
• Rabindranath TagoreNobel Prize for Literature in
  1913My Golden Bengal
• Folk dances are popular
• Ex Qawwalireligious devotional singing

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Chp 25 Section 3 Nepal and Bhutan
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Geography of Nepal and Bhutan

• Isolated by Himalayas
• Steep mountain passes and year round ice fields
• Landlocked countriesno access to the sea
• Plus sidemade it hard to conquer and settle
  colonies here
• Generally remained independent throughout the
  period of European imperialism

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Politics

• Historically split into small religious kingdoms
• Hindu kings (Nepal) Buddhist priests (Bhutan)
• Todayboth are constitutional monarchies
• Bhutan has a king as a supreme ruler (hereditary)
• Nepal has a king with shared power by an elected
  parliament

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Economics

• Poor countries primarily based upon agriculture
• Poor soil, erosion and unfertile land for
  agriculture however
• Created terrace farming to try to help their
  situation
• Products rice, cotton, potatoes and wheat
• Livestock cattle, sheep, yaks
• Timber also an industry in both countries
• Deforestation (70 of Bhutan still retains forest
  lands)
• Manufacturing is beginning wool and food
  processing production
• Primary trading partner India

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Yak.
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Tourism

• Fascination with the Himalayas and Mt. Everest
• Hotels, restaurants, guided tours (Sherpa) etc
• Rise in economy, but also increase in pollution
  and destruction of wildlife

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Sherpa Guide
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Culture of Nepal and Bhutan

• Nepalseveral different ethnic groups
• Ex Indo-Nepalese Hindus, Tibetans Sherpa's
• Bhutanmain ethnic groupBhote (also originally
  from Tibet)

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Religion

• Hindu and Buddhism
• Siddhartha Gautama born on border of Nepal and
  India
• Mandalasgeometric designs related to Buddhist
  religion (symbolism of universe and order)
• Monasteries ex of Buddhist architecture

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Mandalas
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Taktshang Monastery
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Drametse Lakhang
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Culture

• Folk art and festivals
• Archery competitions

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Chp 25 Section 4 Sri Lanka the Maldives
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History of Sri Lanka

• The Sinhalesemigrants from the northern plains
  of India crossing a strait to the Islands of Sri
  Lanka around 500 BC
• Early civilization adopted Buddhism and developed
  irrigation systems
• The Tamilsmigrated to Sri Lanka around 300 BC
  and were Hindu
• Sri Lanka was subjected to European imperialism

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Sri Lanka (Ceylon) Under British Rule

• G. Britain controlled Sri Lanka from the 1700s
  to 1948
• Sri Lanka gained its independence in 1972 and
  became a republic

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Wally Points

• Which groups do you think would have conflict
  with each other in Sri Lanka and why?

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Civil War Breaks Out on Sri Lanka

• The Tamils (minority) felt discriminated against
• Tamil Tigers (rebel group) called for an
  independent state Tamil Eelam (Precious Land of
  the Tamils)
• Civil War in 1980sLTTE a terrorist organization
  (invented the suicide belt according to FBI
  sources
• May 2009 Sri Lanka declares the 26 year conflict
  over when LTTE leader was killed

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LTTE often used women as fighters
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The History of the Maldives

• Settled by Buddhists and Hindus from Sri Lanka
  around 500 BC
• Arab traders discover islands by 1100 AD
• Arab sultans govern the Maldives and spread Islam
• The Maldives becomes a republic in 1968
• One of the worlds smallest independent
  countriesonly 300,000 people and 115 square miles

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Life in Sri Lanka

• Most people live simply
• Small villages and family groups
• Colombo (Capital city) is busy and urban
• Multi-ethnic Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims,
  Christians
• Buddhist and Hindu temples, Muslim mosques and
  Christian churches mark the landscape
• Art and literature and festivals influenced by
  religion
• Kandyan dancing
• Annual Perahera festival

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Life in the Maldives

• Small villages and family groups
• Multi-ethnic Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims,
  Christians
• Official language Divehi
• Muslim influence is strongno other religions
  allowed
• Bodu Beru (big drum music)has strong African
  influences

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Take Five

• Look at the chart on pg 586who are the top three
  producers of the worlds tea?

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Economies of Sri Lanka and the Maldives

• Small resourcesyet, strong economies
• Agriculturally based rice production, tea,
  rubber etc
• Timber (deforestation), and fishing are also part
  of their economies
• Gem mining is an industry in Sri Lanka as well
• Tourism

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Problems

• Civil War
• Disruption to infrastructure
• Melting of ice caps causes a rise in sea
  levelscould completely disappear (the Maldives)

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Chp 26 Section 1 Population Explosion

• Population of India over 1 billion
• Lack of basis resources food, shelter, water,
  clothing
• Land mass 1/3 of the USwith massive population
• South Asia as a whole is 22 of the worlds
  population living on 3 of the worlds land area

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Take Five

• Complete the skillbuilder questions on pg 594

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Results of Population

• Poverty
• Poor education
• Poor sanitation
• Poor health education (The Ganges River)
• Not enough

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Take Five

• Read pg 594what will the govt in India have to
  do to keep up?

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• To keep up the govt in India will have to
  provide the following each year build 127,000
  new village schools, hire 400,000 teachers,
  construct 2.5 mill. New homes, create 4 million
  new jobs, produce an additional 6 million tons of
  food

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Managing Population Growth

• Education to break the cycle of poverty
• Encouraging later marriage (not 15) and smaller
  family sizes
• Infant mortality rate high 75 deaths per 1,000

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Chp 26 Section 2 Living with Extreme Weather

• Monsoons
• Summer monsoons June through Sept. vast rains
  and produce flooding
• Winter monsoonsLittle moisture produce drought

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Take Five

• Complete the skillbuilder questions on pg 597

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Cyclones

• Cyclones come with monsoon winds creating more
  destruction
• 1970 cyclones killed 300,000 people
• Economic impactalready not enough food and this
  devastation creates more poverty
• International aid creates overwhelming debt

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Create a mental map

• Place in your portfolio