ARTICULATIONS

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ARTICULATIONS
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CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS

• FUNCTIONAL VS STRUCTURAL

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FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS

• SYNARTHROSES
• AMPHIARTHROSES
• DIARTHROSES

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SYNARTHROSES

• IMMOVABLE JOINTS

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AMPHIARTHROSES

• ALLOW SLIGHT MOVEMENT

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DIARTHROSES

• FREELY MOVEABLE
• SYNOVIAL JOINTS

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STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

• FIBROUS
• CARTILAGINOUS
• SYNOVIAL

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FIBROUS

• HELD TIGHTLY TOGETHER BY FIBROUS CONNECTIVE
  TISSUE
• SUTURAL LIGAMENT
• LITTLE MATERIAL BETWEEN BONES
• LITTLE MOVEMENT
• MOST ARE SYNARTHROSES

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TYPE OF FIBROUS JOINTS

• SUTURES
• SYNDESMOSES
• GOMPHOSES

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SUTURES

• EDGES OF BONES HAVE INTERDIGITATIONS
• CLOSE AND FIRMLY FIT TOGETHER
• SYNARTHROSIS

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SYNOSTOSIS/SYNOSTOSES

• FIBERS COMPLETELY REPLACED BY BONE
• SUTURE BECOME FIRMLY FUSED TOGETHER
• ANY TYPE OF JOINT CAN BECOME A SYNOSTOSIS

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SYNDESMOSES

• HELD TOGETHER BY FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• MORE SPACE BETWEEN BONES
• LIGAMENTS OR INTEROSSEOUS MEMBRANES
• OFFER LITTLE MOVEMENT BUT SOME GIVE
• SYNARTHROSES

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GOMPHOSES

• SPECIALIZED JOINT
• CONE INTO SOCKET
• ROOTS OF TEETH WITH ALVEOLAR SOCKETS
• PERIDONTAL LIGAMENT
• SYNARTHROSES

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CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

• JOINED BY CARTILAGE

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TYPES OF CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

• SYNCHONDROSES
• SYMPHYSES

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SYNCHONDROSES

• HYALINE CARTILAGE
• MOST ARE SYNARTHROSES
• SOME ARE AMPHIARTHOSES
• MANY ARE TEMPORARY JOINTS

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EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
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EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
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SYMPHYSES

• FIBROCARTILAGE
• COMPRESSIBLE
• SERVE AS SHOCK ABSORBERS
• AMPHIARTHROSES

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SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• MOST OF JOINTS
• FLUID FILLED JOINT CAVITY
• FREELY MOVEABLE
• LIGAMENTS, TENDONS, MUSCLES OR ADJOINING BONES
  ONLY LIMITING FACTORS
• DIARTHROSES

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CHARACTERISTIC OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
• SYNOVIAL CAVITY
• ARTICULAR CAPSULE
• SYNOVIAL FLUID
• SUPPORTING LIGAMENTS

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ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

• THIN LAYER OF HYALINE CARTILAGE
• COVERS SMOOTH ARTICULAR SURFACE

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ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
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SYNOVIAL CAVITY

• JOINT CAVITY
• SMALL SPACE
• SEPARATES BONES
• FILLED WITH SYNOVIAL FLUID

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SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
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ARTICULAR CAPSULE

• DOUBLE LAYERED
• FIBROUS CAPSULE
• SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

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SYNOVIAL FLUID

• PROVIDES NOURISHMENT TO ARTICULAR CARTILAGES
• WEIGHT BEARING ELEMENT
• LUBRICANT

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SUPPORTING LIGAMENTS

• CAPSULAR OR INTRINSIC LIGAMENTS
• EXTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS
• INTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS

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OPTIONAL FEATURES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• ARTICULAR DISCS

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MENISCUS OF KNEE
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BURSA AND TENDON SHEATHS

• NOT ACTUALLY PART OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
• FOUND WITH THEM OFTEN
• HAVE SYNOVIAL FLUID
• REDUCE FRICTION BETWEEN STRUCTURES

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BURSAE

• SMALL SACS
• LINED WITH SYNOVIAL MEMBRANES
• FOUND THROUGHOUT BODY
• MOST LOCATED BETWEEN TENDONS AND BONE

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TENDON SHEATHS

• WHERE TENDONS CROSS JOINTS
• PROTECTS AGAINST FRICTION
• CYLINDRICAL SACS
• TENDONS SLIDE THROUGH THEM

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MOVEMENT OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• GLIDING
• FLEXION
• DORSIFLEXION
• EXTENSION
• PLANTAR FLEXION
• ABDUCTION
• ADDUCTION
• CIRCUMDUCTION
• ROTATION

• SUPINATION
• PRONATION
• ELEVATION
• DEPRESSION
• INVERSION
• EVERSION
• PROTRACTION
• RETRACTION

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TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

• UNIAXIAL JOINTS
• BIAXIAL JOINTS
• TRIAXIAL JOINTS
• NONAXIAL

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NONAXIAL JOINTS

• GLIDING, PLANE OR ARTHRODIAL JOINTS
• APPOSITION OF FLAT OR SLIGHTLY CURVED SURFACES
• MOVEMENT CAN OCCUR IN ANY DIRECTION
• LIGAMENTS AND/OR BONY PROCESSES LIMIT MOVEMENT

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GLIDING JOINTS/PLANE
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UNIAXIAL JOINTS

• HINGE OR GINGLYMUS JOINTS
• PIVOT OR TRICHOID JOINTS

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HINGE OR GINGLYMUS JOINTS

• ELBOW
• KNEE
• PHALANGES OF FINGERS AND TOES

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PIVOT OR TRICHOID BONE

• ATLAS AND AXIS
• PROXIMAL ARTICULATION BETWEEN RADIUS AND ULNA

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BIAXIAL JOINTS

• CONDYLOID OR ELLIPSOID JOINTS
• SADDLE JOINTS

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CONDYLOD OR ELLIPSOID JOINTS

• ARTCULATIONS BETWEEN RADIUS AND CARPALS
• OCCIPITAL CONDYLES ON ATLAS
• METACAPOPHALANGEAL JOINTS
• METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS

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SADDLE JOINTS

• CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT OF THUMB

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TRIAXIAL JOINT

• BALL AND SOCKET OR SPHEROID JOINTS
• SHOULDER AND HIP JOINTS

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A SURVEY OF SELECTED JOINTS
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SHOULDER JOINT

• CORACOHUMERAL LIGAMENT
• GLENOHUMERAL LIGAMENTS
• GLENOID LABRUM
• ROTATOR CUFF

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ELBOW JOINT

• ULNAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
• RADIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
• ANNULAR LIGAMENT

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HIP JOINT

• ILIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT
• PUBOFEMORAL LIGAMENT
• ISCHIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT
• ACETABULAR LABRUM
• LIGAMENTUM TERES (CAPITATE LIGAMENT)

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KNEE

• PATELLAR LIGAMENT
• OBLIQUE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT
• ARCUATE POPLITEAL LIGAMENT
• MEDIAL AND LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT
• MEDIAL AND LATERAL MENISCI
• ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS

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ANKLE JOINT
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CLINICAL CONDITIONS
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SPRAINS

• TWISTING OR OVERSTRETCHING OF A JOINT
• TEAR OR SEPARATION
• SLOW TO HEAL DUE TO LACK OF BLOOD SUPPLY

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DISLOCATION

• LUXATION
• BONES ARE DISPLACED
• SHOULDER, FINGERS AND THUMBS MOST COMMON

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DISLOCATION
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BURSITIS

• INFLAMATION OF BURSA
• ECESSIVE SYNOVIAL FLUID
• REDNESS, SWELLING AND PAIN

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TENDINITIS

• INFLAMMATION OF TENDON SHEATHS
• LOCALIZED TENDERNESS AND EXTREME PAIN WHEN JOINT
  IS MOVED
• WRISTS, ELBOW AND SHOULDER MOST OFTEN AFFECTED

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HERNIATED DISC

• RUPTURED DISC
• PRESSURE CAN CAUSE SERVERE PAIN
• CAN CAUSE NERVE DAMAGE

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TORN MENSICI
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ARTHRITIS

• VARIETY OF TYPES
• PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES TO JOINT MEMBRANES, BONES OR
  CARTILAGE

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RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

• SEVERE FORM
• WOMEN MORE THAN MEN
• PANNUS
• DESTROYS JOINT

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GOUTY ARTHRITIS

• SUDDEN SEVERE PAIN AND SWELLLING
• TOES, INSTEPS, HEELS, KNEES AND WRISTS
• MORE COMMON IN MALES
• INHERITED DEFECT
• INCREASED URIC ACID LEVELS FORM CRYSTALS

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DEGENERATIVE OSTEOARTHRITIS

• PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF CARTILAGE
• MAY HAVE APPEARANCE OF BONE SPURS

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SUPPURATIVE ARTHRITIS
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ABNORMAL CURVATURES OF THE SPINE

• SCOLIOSIS
• KYPHOSIS
• LORDOSIS

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SCOLIOSIS
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SCOLIOSIS
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KYPHOSIS
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LORDOSIS
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OSTEOPOROSIS
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OSTEOMALACIA
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RICKETS
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PAGETS DISEASE
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FRACTURE
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STRESS FRACTURES
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OSTEOMYELITIS
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BONE CANCER
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PITUITARY DWARFISM
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ACHONDROPLASTIC DWARFISM
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ACHONDROPLASTIC DWARFISM
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GIGANTISM

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SCURVY
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METASTIC CALCIFICATION