Standard 2.3

1
Standard 2.3

• Formation of Ions

2
Octet Rule

• Atoms will behave in such a way that they will
  achieve a complete octet of valence electrons.

3
Octet Rule

• Atoms will behave in such a way that they will
  achieve a complete octet of valence electrons.
• A complete octet means 8 (or zero) electrons in
  the valence level.

4
Metals
5
Metals

• Metals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form cations.

6
Metals

• Metals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form cations.
• Cation a positively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are lost.

7
Metals

• Metals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form cations.
• Cation a positively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are lost.

Element Valence e- Electrons Lost Ion formed
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
8
Metals

• Metals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form cations.
• Cation a positively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are lost.

Element Valence e- Electrons Lost Ion formed
Sodium 1
Magnesium
Aluminum
9
Metals

• Metals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form cations.
• Cation a positively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are lost.

Element Valence e- Electrons Lost Ion formed
Sodium 1 1
Magnesium
Aluminum
10
Metals

• Metals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form cations.
• Cation a positively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are lost.

Element Valence e- Electrons Lost Ion formed
Sodium 1 1 Na
Magnesium
Aluminum
11
Metals

• Metals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form cations.
• Cation a positively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are lost.

Element Valence e- Electrons Lost Ion formed
Sodium 1 1 Na
Magnesium 2
Aluminum
12
Metals

• Metals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form cations.
• Cation a positively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are lost.

Element Valence e- Electrons Lost Ion formed
Sodium 1 1 Na
Magnesium 2 2
Aluminum
13
Metals

• Metals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form cations.
• Cation a positively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are lost.

Element Valence e- Electrons Lost Ion formed
Sodium 1 1 Na
Magnesium 2 2 Mg2
Aluminum
14
Metals

• Metals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form cations.
• Cation a positively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are lost.

Element Valence e- Electrons Lost Ion formed
Sodium 1 1 Na
Magnesium 2 2 Mg2
Aluminum 3
15
Metals

• Metals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form cations.
• Cation a positively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are lost.

Element Valence e- Electrons Lost Ion formed
Sodium 1 1 Na
Magnesium 2 2 Mg2
Aluminum 3 3
16
Metals

• Metals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form cations.
• Cation a positively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are lost.

Element Valence e- Electrons Lost Ion formed
Sodium 1 1 Na
Magnesium 2 2 Mg2
Aluminum 3 3 Al3
17
What will be the charge on a barium ion (Ba)?
18
What will be the charge on a barium ion (Ba)?

• With 2 valence electrons, barium will form an ion
  with a 2 charge.

19
Transition metal ions
20
Transition metal ions

• Transition metals are unique in that they
  generally have more than one charge possible.

21
Transition metal ions

• Transition metals are unique in that they
  generally have more than one charge possible.
• Iron can form ions of 2 or 3 depending on what
  it reacts with.

22
Transition metal ions

• Transition metals are unique in that they
  generally have more than one charge possible.
• Iron can form ions of 2 or 3 depending on what
  it reacts with.
• Transition metal ions require a roman numeral
  after the element name to indicate which charge
  is present (iron(II) and iron(III)).

23

• Transition metals are unique in that they
  generally have more than one charge possible.
• Iron can form ions of 2 or 3 depending on what
  it reacts with.
• Transition metal ions require a roman numeral
  after the element name to indicate which charge
  is present (iron(II) and iron(III)).
• Zinc and silver never get a roman numeral since
  zinc will always have a charge of 2 and silver
  is always 1.

24
Nonmetals
25
Nonmetals

• Nonmetals tend to gain valence electrons to form
  anions.

26
Nonmetals

• Nonmetals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form anions.
• Anion a negatively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are gained.

27
Nonmetals

• Nonmetals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form anions.
• Anion a negatively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are gained.

Element Valence e- of electrons gained Ion symbol
chlorine
oxygen
carbon
28
Nonmetals

• Nonmetals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form anions.
• Anion a negatively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are gained.

Element Valence e- of electrons gained Ion symbol
chlorine 7
oxygen
carbon
29
Nonmetals

• Nonmetals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form anions.
• Anion a negatively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are gained.

Element Valence e- of electrons gained Ion symbol
chlorine 7 1
oxygen
carbon
30
Nonmetals

• Nonmetals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form anions.
• Anion a negatively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are gained.

Element Valence e- of electrons gained Ion symbol
chlorine 7 1 Cl-
oxygen
carbon
31
Nonmetals

• Nonmetals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form anions.
• Anion a negatively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are gained.

Element Valence e- of electrons gained Ion symbol
chlorine 7 1 Cl-
oxygen 6
carbon
32
Nonmetals

• Nonmetals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form anions.
• Anion a negatively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are gained.

Element Valence e- of electrons gained Ion symbol
chlorine 7 1 Cl-
oxygen 6 2
carbon
33
Nonmetals

• Nonmetals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form anions.
• Anion a negatively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are gained.

Element Valence e- of electrons gained Ion symbol
chlorine 7 1 Cl-
oxygen 6 2 O2-
carbon
34
Nonmetals

• Nonmetals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form anions.
• Anion a negatively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are gained.

Element Valence e- of electrons gained Ion symbol
chlorine 7 1 Cl-
oxygen 6 2 O2-
carbon 4
35
Nonmetals

• Nonmetals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form anions.
• Anion a negatively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are gained.

Element Valence e- of electrons gained Ion symbol
chlorine 7 1 Cl-
oxygen 6 2 O2-
carbon 4 4
36
Nonmetals

• Nonmetals tend to lose their valence electrons to
  form anions.
• Anion a negatively charged ion formed when one
  or more electrons are gained.

Element Valence e- of electrons gained Ion symbol
chlorine 7 1 Cl-
oxygen 6 2 O2-
carbon 4 4 C4-
37
Determine the charge on the fluoride ion.
38
Determine the charge on the fluoride ion.

• With 7 valence electrons, fluorine will tend to
  gain one electron giving it a charge of 1-.