The Russian

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The Russian Revolution
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• Russian Social structure can be compared to the
  French Estate System.
• What constituted the French system??

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• Clergy Russian Orthodox Church
• Nobility owned most of the land, and held most
  govt and military positions.

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• 4/5 of Population Peasants
• City workers (factories)
• Low wages
• Poor working conditions
• Middle Class
• Very few
• Resented the nobility

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Only through reform and emancipation of the serfs
could Russia compete with the west.
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• Army largely consisted of illiterate serfs who
  could barely operate guns
• Created massive Peasant Rebellion

Russian expansion west into Turkey
Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, and France along
with the Ottoman Empire, defeated Russia
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Mir land became the collective property of the
commune or village community

• They werent happy, still tied to the land
  couldnt leave without permission of the mir
  (even temporarily)

New type of local government representative
body cutting across class lines
Nobility was upset, because they had to share
control with lower classes

• Right to an attorney
• Right to a jury trial
• Right to public trial
• Equality before the Law

Nobility upset
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• Service reduced
• Brutality reduced
• Military schools reorganized
• 21 year old males 6 years active and additional
  9 in the reserves

Improved Military strength
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Women had more opportunities Primary education
Intelligentsia nihilism a nihilist is a man
who does not bow down before any authority, who
does not take any principle on faith
Reforms ended due to 1866 assassination attempt
on Alexander II 1881 he was assassinated by a
homemade bomb
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• Peasant discontent little better off than they
  had been as serfs

• Intelligentsia (philosophes) discredited the
  existing order and paved the way for
  revolutionary change
• Nihilism believed that all Russian institutions
  were fit for the rubbish heap.
• Duma Russian Parliament didnt have much power
  no power of the purse
• Behind in Industrialization Islands of
  industrialization in a sea of peasants. St.
  Petersburg and Moscow.
• There was no strong middle class

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• Russo-Japanese War 1904 05
• Factory workers were discontent strikes -gt
  turned into political strikes
• Bloody Sunday workers marched on the Winter
  Palace 1,000 were killed by troops -. Lead to
  riots and strikes in the cities. Peasants roamed
  the countryside, looting and burning homes of
  nobles
• October Manifesto

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• Troops loyal to the Tsar prevailed several days
  of fighting in Moscow
• 1906 Duma Dissolved wanted land belonging
  to the church and state to be given to peasants
• 1907 2nd Duma Dismissed
• Tsar illegally altered elections giving more
  representation to aristocracy
• 1907-12 3rd Duma improved conditions for
  peasants and workers
• 1912-17 4th Duma supportive of Tsar
• Stolypin Reforms Freed peasants from the mir

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• Marxist
• Urban workers wanted better working conditions
• Russia must be industrialized before a socialist
  revolution could take place
• Proletariat revolution
• Split into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks

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• Largest group
• Looked to the peasants as revolutionaries
  giving them a broad base of support.

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• (Minority)
• Orthodox Marxist
• Evolutionary Socialism- need to go through
  capitalism before reaching the socialist state
• Willing to work with the middle class

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• (majority)
• Wanted to speed up socialist revolution (skipping
  steps to get there)
• Distrustful of the middle class
• It was a closed/underground socialist party

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• Tsar banned the sale of Vodka for remainder of
  the war
• Vodka was govt owned and brought in a lot of
  revenue, shutting it down was disastrous

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Management and workers designed to help the war
effort

• Town council (elected)
• Effective in Peace-Time hospitals and schools
• During the War it organized ambulance

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• By 1916 Industries were producing enough
  supplies to keep the war going
• Russia wasnt capable of both feeding the
  civilians and running the war
• Railway wasnt running properly couldnt get
  munitions to front lines
• Food was being grown, but it wasnt being
  transported

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• Practically everyone supported it
• Not the Bolsheviks arrested escaped to
  Switzerland or Siberia Stalin in exile was
  not involved in the 1917 revolution (hothead)

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Women were protesting about bread, and armed
forces wer on the side of the people forced the
Czar to abdicate
Czar Nicolas Romanov
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Abdication of Czar Nicolai Romanov
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TOTALITARIANISM
A system of government in which the state
exercises total control over the individual and
society. No institution can run inside the state
outside of state control.
RELIGION
EDUCATION
all fall under total control of the state
ECONOMY
INTELLECTUAL
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Which of the following were totalitarian regimes?

• Napoleon
• Henry VIII
• Louis XIV
• Hitler

• Mussolini
• Peter the Great
• Catherine the Great
• Elizabeth I

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1917 RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
WHY???

1. Revolutionary Groups in Russia
2. Tsar Nicolas II abdicated it collapsed he was
   not overthrown
3. Kerenskys Provisional Government only a govt
   because they called themselves a govt
4. Soviets Challenged the govt

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KERENSKY'S PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT

• After Tsars abdication Kerensky ran an
  inefficient and weak provisional government in
  Russia
• The Soviets
• Informal councils claimed to represent the
  working class
• They were there to protect the peasants
• Didnt govern but had the power to veto the
  Provisional Government

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1916 - UPRISING IN ST. PETERSBURG

• Provisional Government succeeds
• Lenin is put in exile

FEBRUARY REVOLUTION

• 1917 MARCH TO PETROGRAD (St. Petersburg)
• Nothing to defend the Provisional Government
• Not one battalion was faithful

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OCTOBER REVOLUTION

• Bolsheviks (led by Lenin)
• Seized the Winter Palace
• Not that violent a revolution

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LENIN IN POWER

• Lenin implemented his own version of Communism
• Slowed up Nationalization
• Encouraged small capitalistic undertakings and
  agriculture and retail trade

The speed of Lenins communist experiment
threatened the regimes existence
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• 1924 -LENIN DIED
• THERE WAS A DEBATE OVER WHO WOULD TAKE OVER?
• TROTSKY
• STALIN

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TROTSKY
Communism must spread he advocated a World
Revolution
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STALIN
Consolidation within one country he wanted to
build socialism in the USSR and not focus on
World Revolution
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• EVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISM
• Theoretically a vision of a better society
• It is a philosophy of history historical
  development is made up of class conflicts

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• It is a critique of capitalism
• Condemns exploitation of workers
• Workers have control of the means of production

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• It is a strategy of revolutionary action for
  overthrowing capitalist society and enabling the
  worlds workers to establish the INEVITABLE
  communist society

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• REVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISM
• WORLD REVOLUTION
• Modified Marxist doctrine
• Speed up the revolution
• Conspiratorial
• Dictatorial

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• Security for the USSRs communism would happen
  only if there were communist revolutions in the
  advanced industrial countries of Europe
• NEP

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• REVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISM
• ONE SOCIALIST STATE
• Consolidation within one country

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• MOTTO
• From each according to his ability to each
  according to his needs

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• Socialist Morality
• Divorce more difficult
• Abortion made illegal
• Socialist realism art
• Collectivization 5 Year Plans
• PURGES

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When there is a threat we cannot deal with, we
cannot control-but because we cannot deal with
the real threat we create another.
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1928 Shakhty Trial

• Trials were not based on evidence but on
  confessions (given under intense torture)
• Some were ridiculous