Stearic acid (C18)

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Stearic acid (C18)
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Oleic acid
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w3 fatty acids
ALA Essential w3
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tight packing
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less stable aggregates (lower melting point)
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Adipocytes showing huge fat droplets that
virtually fill the cells
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cotyledon cell from a seed
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It contains a complex mixture of lipid that is
liquid (less dense) at 37C, begin to cristallize
at 31C and it is solid (more dense) below 31C
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Fatty acid composition of three food fats
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Many fast foods are deep-fried in partially
hydrogenated vegetable oils and therefore contain
high levels of trans fatty acids
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waxes
Ester bond
Triacontanoylpalmitate
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L-Glycerol 3-phosphate, the backbone of
phospholipids
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Glycerophospholipids
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Glycerophospholipids
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Ether lipids
H
ethanolammine
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Ether lipids
choline
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Sphingolipids
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similarities in shape and molecular structure of
phosphatidylcholine (a glycerophospholipid) and
sphingomyelin (a sphingolipid) are clear when
their space-filling and structural formulas are
drawn as here.
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similarities in shape and molecular structure of
phosphatidylcholine (a glycerophospholipid) and
sphingomyelin (a sphingolipid) are clear when
their space-filling and structural formulas are
drawn as here.
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The polar head of many gangliosides
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Glycosphingolipids as determinants of blood groups
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The specificities of phospholipases
Phospholipids and Sphingolipids Are Degraded in
Lysosomes
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Pathways for the breakdown of GM1, globoside, and
sphingomyelin to ceramide. A defect in the enzyme
hydrolyzing a particular step is indicated by the
partial breakdown product is noted.
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Sphingosine
Ceramide
Proliferation
Growth arrest Apoptosis
IMPORTANT ALSO FOR SKIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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Apoptosis a physiological response to specific
suicide signals, or lack of survival signals
Necrosis a pathological response to cellular
injury
Chromatin clumps Chromatin condenses and migrates to nuclear membrane. Internucleosomal cleavage leads to laddering of DNA at the nucleosomal repeat length, ca. 200 bp.
Mitochondria swell and rupture Cytoplasm shrinks without membrane rupture
Plasma membrane lyses Blebbing of plasma and nuclear membranes
Cell contents spill out Cell contents are packaged in membrane bounded bodies, internal organelles still functioning, to be engulfed by neighbours.
General inflammatory response is triggered Epitopes appear on plasma membrane marking cell as a phagocytic target.No spillage, no inflammation
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Sphingolipids

• Contain sphingosine, a long-chain amino alcohol
• Found in plants and animals
• Abundant in nervous system
• Has structural similarity to phospholipids
• Ceramide tells cells to undergo apoptosis
• Sphingosine tells cells to grow, divide and
  migrate

Remove Phosphoethanolamine
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cholesterol
A fatty acid is esterified For storage
or transport
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detergents in the intestine
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Glycerophoepholipid that act as intracellular
messengers
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Eicosanoids Carry Messages to Nearby Cells
Arachidonic acid
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Arachidonic acid is the precursor of
eicosanoids, including the prostaglandins,
thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
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PROSTAGLANDINS stimulate contraction of the
smooth muscle during menstruation and
labor Affect blood flow and wake-sleep
cycle Affect responsiveness to
hormones TROMBOXANES Produced by plateletes,
are involved in blood clot formation Affect
blood flow LEUKOTRIENES stimulate contraction
of smooth muscles
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Steroids derived from cholesterol
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Many of the plant volatiles are derived from
isoprene
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Cholesterol is made from acetyl-CoA

• Mevalonate formation is
• the first stage of cholesterol
• synthesis

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Mevalonate is converted to isoprene-containing
molecules
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• Isoprenoids are
• precursors for several
• important biomolecules

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Vitamin D production
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Vitamin A1 and its precursor and derivatives
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