Cells

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Cells Their Function

• BS
• CHPT 4
• The Raw Material Building Blocks
• Student Copy of ppt.

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WHAT IS A CELL YOU ASK?

• Some can live independent of others
• ______________ produced in the body are produced
  by cells
• Cells are responsible for growth, metabolism,
  responsiveness, reproduction and homeostasis
• Cells can be studied with a microscope
• Cells are often stained for study and I.D

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STRUCTURE OF A CELL

• A cell membrane has ______ layers of lipid
  molecules (cholesterol is part of this membrane
  that gives it strength
• Proteins float in the layers to serve as
  transporters to shuttle materials in and out of
  cells

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• Receptor sites are inside cells and they are
  places of attachment of materials coming in and
  out of the cell.
• The cell membrane is important in regulating what
  goes in and out

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The Cell
Nucleus
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NUCLEUS

• The nucleus _____________________
• It contains genetic materials that govern all
  activities of the cell

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The Cell
Cytoplasm
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CYTOPLASM

• The cytoplasm is a colloidal suspension of water,
  minerals, enzymes, food and other specialized
  material that fills the cell
• This has NEVER been reproduced in a lab

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The Cell
Ribosomes
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RIBOSOMES

• This is the place where __________________________
  __ occurs
• Ribosomes contain mostly RNA

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The Cell
Mitochondria
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MITOCHONDRIA

• Power plant of the cell
• Food is converted to _____ which is energy for
  the cell

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Cilia

• Cilia are hair-like projections that create
  _______________ around cells.
• Not all cells have cilia

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FLAGELLUM

• Whip-like structure found in a cell, used for
  __________________. Like a sperm

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WHAT IS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?

• Its the making of protein, but how does the cell
  do this?

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• We need protein in our body to help build cells
• There are cellular substances that direct the
  production of protein
• This cellular substance is found in the cytoplasm
  and is called
• NUCLEIC ACID

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NUCLEIC ACID

• 2 nucleic acids are important in protein
  production
• 1. ___________
• 2. ___________

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DNA

• DNA is found in the nucleus and is made up of a
  double thread spirals called chromosomes
• Specific regions of chromosomes are called genes.
  Genes are the heredity factor of each cell.
• Its makes you who you are, brown hair, brown
  eyes,

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DNA

• DNA is also known as THE MASTER BLUEPRINT OF A
  CELL
• DNA has a double helix

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RNA

• Found in the cytoplasm
• RNA carries DNA messages to ribosomes for protein
  synthesis
• Ribosomes contain mostly RNA
• RNA only has a single strand

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MITOSIS

• What is mitosis? Its _______________
• For growth, repair, and reproduction, cells must
  multiply to increase their numbers

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• When cells divide, they must make the same exact
  cell again.
• There are many cells in the body that are
  specific to one organ. Like the heart, it is
  made of myocardial cells. You cant expect skin
  cells to turn into myocardial cells therefore

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• Cell division must be precise.
• Each original cell called the parent cell,
  divides to form 2 identical daughter cells.
• oh youre so cute, you look just like your
  mommy!

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• Some cells reproduce readily like skin and muscle
• Other cells like nerve cells, stop reproducing at
  a certain time in development
• As a person ages, the process slows and there is
  less repair time

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Movement of substances across a cell membrane

• Nutrients go in
• Wastes go out

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Semi-permeable membranes

• As shown earlier, a semi-permeable membrane
  allows substances to move in and out but some
  substances are too large and wont get let in
• Water ALWAYS penetrates, its thin and small and
  fits

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SUGAR

• What about sugar, is it large or small?
• LARGE, it must be broken down into smaller
  glucose molecules in order to penetrate
• Protein and RBCs are also large and do not
  permeate easily

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Diffusion
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DIFFUSION

• Constant movement of molecules from an area of
  greater concentration to an area of lesser
  concentration to try and reach equilibrium
• Like gases diffusing
• Try the scented balloons or ?
• Spraying deodorizer in the room, scent moves
  quickly throughout the room

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Osmosis
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Equal Concentration on both sides of
Semipermiable Membrane
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One side becomes more concentrated
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Water shifts to try to make both sides equal
concentrations
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Another look at osmosis
More water moves out of cell
More
Equal movement of water in and out of cell
More water moves Into cell
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Where does the water want to go?

• Click to see what happens

B
A
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Where does the water want to go?
Click to see what happens
B
A
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Cell Membrane is a Semipermiable Membrane
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Cell Membrane-Active Transport
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT

• Carriers in the cell (see the picture) move
  molecules against diffusion
• This process uses ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
  which is ENERGY
• Active transport allows cells to take in what it
  needs and to excrete what it doesnt need

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THINK OF THE WATER ONLY MOVING

• Where salt iswater follows
• Too many salt particles taking up the water space
  NO, NO, NO
• The amount of water likes to be on both sides

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FILTRATION

• Passage of water with dissolved material through
  a membrane with the use of force
• Picture a coffee filter
• grounds are in filter
• Water with pressure behind it drips onto grounds
• Liquid is pushed out NOT the grounds

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Quiz

• Ready?????? ..-gt

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What type of solution is this?

• Isotonic
• Hypotonic
• Hypertonic
• Notonic

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The normal balance maintained within a system is
called

• Isotonic
• Hypertonic
• Osmosis
• Homeostasis

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This solution is

• Hypotonic
• Isotonic
• Hypertonic

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COMPARE THE TWO
DIFFUSION OSMOSIS
Talking about particles moving Talking about water moving
Particles go from an area of higher concentration to an area of lesser concentration of particles Water moves from an area of a lesser concentration of particles over to the area of concentrated particles to help spread the particles out and dilute the solution
Think of what happens when you spray room freshener from the can.the smell of the particles diffuse through the air until the whole room smells In the body, when you eat too much salt and the bloodstream is full of salt, the cells give up their water to go and dilute the salt particles in the blood leaving your cells dehydrated and now youre thirsty
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PHAGOCYTOSIS

• The engulfing of large particles by cell
  membranes
• Certain white blood cells (WBCs) carry out
  phagocytosis to rid the body of foreign material
  or dead cells

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MUTATION

• Sometimes changes occur in the genetic making of
  a cell or in the DNA. Such a change is called
  mutation
• Mutation may cause a bad cell to reproduce out of
  control.
• These cells can die naturally or get destroyed by
  your immune system

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CANCER

• If these bad cells do not get destroyed and are
  too large in number, they will cont. to multiply
  in , destroy tissue and produce cancer
• These cells form tumors and rob normal cells of
  what they need

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SOME CAUSES OF CANCER

• Chemical carcinogens like cig. Smoke, additives
  in foods and certain drugs may be carcinogenic
• Ionizing radiation like x-rays, U.V. rays and
  other radioactive substances
• Physical irritation conts irritation like
  intake of hot foods like coming in contact with
  hot coffee on the lip and oral mucosa.

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PHYSICAL IRRITATION CONT.

• Drinking continuous hot liquid, increases cell
  division and increases the chance of mutation
• Biting on the inner cheek of the mouth

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• DIET eating foods low in fiber, foods that are
  high in fat are unhealthy
• HEREDITY its in your genes. Markers can be
  present in your cornea of your eye r/t colon
  cancer

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• Show movie clip from main screen

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THE END
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