MAMMALS

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MAMMALS

• RESOURCES
• 3 VIDEO CLIPS
• MARSUPIALS
• RAT DISSECTION
• TEXT Chap 808-829

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Class Mammalia kangaroo, bat, rodents, whales,
monkey, giraffe, man, horse, dog

• Incredible variety in size
• 1.5 g bat to 100 ton whale
• FEATURES
• young born live after gestation in the female
• mammary glands (sweat, oil, pheromone glands)

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• lung breathing throughout life
• diaphragm separates abdominal and thoracic
  cavities

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• body covered with hair

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• 4 chambered heart
• warm blooded

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• 7 neck vertebrae in most species
• 2 pairs of limbs for locomotion

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• care for few young
• internal fertilization
• internal development

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ORDER MONOTREMATA

• Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania
• ie. platypus, echidna
• most reptile like
• lay eggs
• echidna lays egg right into pouch
• don't control body temperature well
• cloaca
• no nipples but have mammary glands

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Platypus
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echidna (spiny anteater) juvenile called puggle
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ORDER MARSUPALES

• Australia, New Guinea, Tasmania
• ie. koala, kangaroo, opossum, wombat 250
  species
• pouched mammals
• Show Koala video here

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Koala Bear
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Tasmanian Devil
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Flying Phalangers
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Wombat
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opossum
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Kangaroo
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• young born very helpless after a short gestation
  in the female
• must crawl to the pouch
• nipples in the pouch
• Assign reading and text questions
• (914-919)

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Why are they so isolated in Australia?

• Continents separated 60 million years ago and
  left Australia with no placentals and only
  marsupials and monotremes.
• marsupials were out competed by placentals else
  where in the world
• DEFINE convergent evolution
• adaptive radiation

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PLACENTAL MAMMALS (draw the placenta)
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• 14 orders
• 95 of all mammals
• placenta- organ in the uterus that connects
  mothers circulatory system to that of the baby

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ORDERS of interest Ungulates

• -some of the largest mammals
• Why? Need a large stomach to digest coarse food
  (like the .)
• (cellulose primary component in the diet)
• many are built for speed
• long light legs, flexible spine, missing clavicle
• leg joints lack rotation, basically pendulum
  movement

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CLASSIFICATION (based on feet, teeth and skulls)

• 2 Types
• Perrissodactyla- horse, rhino, tapir (odd toed)

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the UngulatesPerissodactyla
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the UngulatesPerissodactyla
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• Formerly the most successful order (How do we
  measure success?)
• Number of species, individuals, land area,
  number of habitats

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Artiodactyla

• - camel, antelope, hippo, sheep, cow, pig,
  giraffe (even toed)
• (currently the most successful)

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Order Artiodactylasuborder Suiformes
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Order Artiodactylasuborder Suiformes
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Digestion

• Bacteria in the gut aid in digestion, produces
  enzymes necessary to break down
  cellulose (chemical digestion)
• Repeated chewing of regurgitated veg. Matter
  continues mechanical digestion in some species

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• Cows have a RUMEN a chamber off the stomach for
  bacteria
• Horse food flows through in 45 hours
• Cows food flows through in 100 hrs

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• More efficient at extracting nutrients from food
  may explain this groups success!!!!

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PIGS (an even toed ungulate)

• Terminology
• Gilt-
• Sow-
• Boar-
• Barrow-

Virgin female Female that has given
birth Male Castrated male
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• Farrow giving birth
• Gestation 3 m 3w 3d
• Female puberty reached in 4-8 months, breed with
  in 1 year, heat 1-5 days, 2 ½ litters per year

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COWS ARE EVIL (notes in honor of Mr.
Bangert)

• -require half the worlds useable land area
• -methane gas production green house gas
• -poor source of nutrition (high fat, cancer
  agents, antibiotics)
• -protein available from other sources
• -wasteful use of energy and water

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ORDER RODENTIA

• RAT DISSECTION
• Rats, mice, porcupine, beaver
• Chisel like front teeth
• 40 of placental mammals
• relatively small, adaptive, high reproductive
  rate, intelligent

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MARINE MAMMALS (several orders)

• Pinnipedea- seals, sea lions, walrus, otters
• Related to carnivores
• Predators
• Blubber
• Breed on land

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• Seal (cat face)
• Cant move back legs
• Rear flippers
• Hunted for skin and
  meat

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• sea lion (dog face)
• walks like a quadrupeds
• tricks in shows

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• Walrus
• Feeds off inverts from bottom
• Whiskers for feeling
• Tusks for digging

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Sirenia- manatee, dugongs

• Italian for mermaid- relative of the elephant
• Highly endangered
• Only vegetarian
• Skin, oil, meat (like veal)
• Front flippers and fluke

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Cetaceans- whales, dolphins, porpoises

• 90 species only 5 fresh water
• Whales
• toothed- predators narwhal, killer, dolphin

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Whales

• baleen filter feeders

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a
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• broad flat tails (fluke), front limbs modified
  into flippers, blow hole in nostril

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• social animals
• songs, pod, breaching
• harem- may have 40 females
• defense and sex exhausts defending male in 1-2
  years
• bachelor groups

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• ambergris- indigestible squid beaks in sticky
  mess, used in perfumes

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• Humpback whale- feed in the arctic
• Breed in Hawaii

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• Gray whale migration- summer in the arctic Ocean
  feeding on schools of krill
• Breed in Baja California

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EASY

• 1. The lower chambers of the heart are called
• 2. Marsupials and Monotremes composes what of
  mammals?
• 3. Atridactyls are even or odd toed?
• 4. Gland in the region of the neck of a rat
• 5. Organ that links baby to material circulatory
  system.
• 6. A cloaca would be found in what mammal?
• 7. Name the sieve like structure in some whales.
• 8. Marsupials are found mostly where?

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EASY

• 1. The lower chambers of the heart are called
  ventricle
• 2. Marsupials and Monotremes composes what 5 of
  mammals?
• 3. Atridactyls are even or odd toed?
• 4. Gland in the region of the neck of a rat
  thymus
• 5. Organ that links baby to material circulatory
  system. placenta
• 6. A cloaca would be found in what mammal?
  Monotremes platypus, echidna
• 7. Name the sieve like structure in some whales.
  baleen
• 8. Marsupials are found mostly where?
  Australia,New Guinea, New Zealand

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MEDIUM

• 1. Name 5 marsupials.
• 2. Im a pinneped with great legs and a dog like
  face.
• 3. Name two organs in the thoracic cavity.
• 4. Another name for vibrissae is
• 5. If you remove the organs in the abdominal
  cavity, what organs are along the back body wall?
• 6. Blood enters the heart from the body in what
  chamber?
• 7. What structures enter and exit the stomach?

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MEDIUM

• 1. Name 5 marsupials. Koala, Taz. Kangaroo
• 2. Im a pinneped with great legs and a dog like
  face. Sea lion
• 3. Name two organs in the thoracic cavity. Heart,
  lungs
• 4. Another name for vibrissae is whiskers
• 5. If you remove the organs in the abdominal
  cavity, what organs are along the back body wall?
  kidneys
• 6. Blood enters the heart from the body in what
  chamber? Right atrium
• 7. What structures enter and exit the stomach?
  Esophagus ,intestines

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DIFFICULT

• 1. Explain the distribution of marsupials.
• 2. Explain embryonic diapause. What is its
  adaptive value?
• 3. Name the 2 blood vessels that carry blood to
  the heart from the body.
• 4. Birthing a pig is called ________ and the mom
  is called a _______
• 5. List 3 reasons why cows are evil.
• 6. Describe the first mammal.

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DIFFICULT

• 1. Explain the distribution of marsupials.
  Australian continent drifts away with no
  placental mammals to compete with the marsupials.
  They survive and diversify.
• 2. Explain embryonic diapause. What is its
  adaptive value? Embryo in uterus will quickly
  start to develop if joey in pouch dies
• 3. Name the 2 blood vessels that carry blood to
  the heart from the body. Anterior and posterior
  vena cava superior and inferior vc

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DIFFICULT

• 4. Birthing a pig is called __farrow______ and
  the mom is called a _sow______
• 5. List 3 reasons why cows are evil.
• Require much land space to raise
• Poor source of protein (high fat and cholesterol)
• High antibiotic use, possible cancers from high
  red meat diet.
• 6. Describe the first mammal. Legs out 90
  degrees, reptile like, clumzy, insectivore

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STUDY GUIDE FOR MAMMALS(a copy will be handed
out)

• 1. Heart anatomy and blood flow
• 2. Rat anatomy from dissection lab
• 3. History and behavior of rats from lab
• 4. Characteristics of mammals
• 5. Origin and structure of the placenta
• 6. Diagram the placenta
• 7. Characterize specific orders. Monotremes,
  Marsupials, Ungulates, Aquatic Mammals
• 8. Explain why some people consider cows to be
  evil.
• 9. Explain distribution of marsupials
• 10. Explain origin of mammals.
• 11. Trace the digestive system.
• 12.Know the function of these systems
  circulatory, respiratory, digestive,
  reproductive, skeletal
• 13. Notes from text reading