C H A P T E R

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C H A P T E R
C H A P T E R
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Motivation
Motivation
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What IsMotivation?
Motivation is the direction and intensity of
effort.
Direction of effort Whether an individual seeks
out, approaches, or is attracted to a situation.
Intensity of effort How much effort an
individual puts forth in a situation.
What motivates and guides your life? What
motivates you in sport/exercise?
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Views of Motivation
Participant orTraitCentered View
Motivated behavior is primarily a function of
individual characteristics (e.g., needs, goals,
personality).
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Views of Motivation
SituationCenteredView
Motivated behavior is primarily determined by
situational factors.
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Views of Motivation
Interactional View
Motivated behavior results from the interaction
of participant factors and situational factors.
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Interactional View of Motivation
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Major Motives for Sport Participants
Improving skills
Having fun
Being with friends
Experiencing thrills and excitement
Achieving success
Developing fitness
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Major Motives for Exercise Participants
Joining
Continuing
Health factors
Enjoyment
Weight loss
Like instructor
Fitness
Like type of activity
Self-challenge
Social factors
Feeling better
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What Are Achievement Motivation and
Competitiveness?
Achievement motivation
An individuals orientation to strive for task
success, persist in the face of failure, and
experience pride in accomplishments. (Gill,
1986)
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Competitiveness
A disposition to strive for satisfaction when
making comparisons with some standard of
excellence in the presence of evaluative others.
(Martens, 1986)
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What Are Achievement Motivation and
Competitiveness?
Keys
Competitiveness Social evaluation or comparison
Achievement motivation Self-comparison or
achievement
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Why AchievementMotivation Is Important
Achievement motivation influences
choice of activities
effort to pursue goals
intensity of effort
persistence (in the face of failure)
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Theories ofAchievement Motivation
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Need Achievement Theory
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SelfEfficacy Theory... Bandura
SelfEfficacy
The perception of ones ability to perform a
task successfully is really a situation-specific
form of self-confidence.
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SelfEfficacy Sources
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Attribution Theory
Attributions
How people explain their successes and failures
Attribution categories
Stability
Locus of causality
Locus of control
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Attribution Theory
Weiners basic attribution categories
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Attributions and Achievement Motivation
Psychological result
Attributions
Stable
Increased expectation of success
Increased pride or shame
Internal cause
In ones control
Increased motivation
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Achievement Goal Theory
Achievementgoals
Outcome goal orientation (or competitive goal
orientation) focuses on comparing performance
with others and defeating others.
Task goal orientation (or mastery goal
orientation) focuses on improving relative to
ones own past performances.
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Achievement Goal Theory
Keys
Focus extra attention on task-oriented goals.
Foster mastery or task motivational climates.
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Competence Motivation Theory
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Competence Motivation Theory
Keys
People are motivated to feel worthy or competent.
Feelings of competence and worth, as well as
perceptions of control, determine motives.
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What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us
About High Achievers
Motivationalorientation
High motivation to achieve success
Low motivation to achieve failure
Focuses on the pride of success
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What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us
About High Achievers
Attributions
Ascribes success to stable and internal factors
within ones control
Ascribes failure to unstable and external
factors outside ones control
Goalsadopted
Usually adopts task goals
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What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us
About High Achievers
Perceived competence/control
Has high perceived competence and feels that
achievement is within his or her control
Task choice
Seeks out challenges and able competitors/tasks
Performance
Performs well in evaluative conditions
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What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us
About Low Achievers
Motivationalorientation
Low motivation to achieve success
Focuses on shame and worry that may result from
failure
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What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us
About Low Achievers
Attributions
Ascribes success to unstable and external factors
outside ones control
Ascribes failure to stable and internal factors
within ones control
Goalsadopted
Usually adopts outcome goals
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What Theories of Achievement Motivation Tell Us
About Low Achievers
Perceived competence/control
Has low perceived competence and feels that
achievement is outside his or her control
Taskchoice
Avoids challenges seeks out very difficult or
very easy tasks/ competitors
Performance
Performs poorly in evaluative conditions
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Implications for Professional Practice
1. Recognize the interaction of personal and
situational factors influencing achievement
behavior.
Goal orientation
Primary attributions
Situations approached or avoided
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Implications for Professional Practice
2. Emphasize mastery (task) goals and downplay
outcome goals.
3. Monitor and alter attributional feedback.
Assess and correct inappropriate attributions.
4. Determine when competitive goals are
appropriate.
5. Enhance feelings of competence and control.