Thermodynamics Chapter 1

1
Thermodynamics
2
Chapter Summary
1-14

• The first law of thermodynamics is simply an
  expression of the conservation of energy
  principle, and it asserts that energy is a
  thermodynamic property.
• The second law of thermodynamics asserts that
  energy has quality as well as quantity, and
  actual processes occur in the direction of
  decreasing quality of energy.

3
Chapter Summary
1-15

• A system of fixed mass is called a closed system,
  or control mass, and a system that involves mass
  transfer across its boundaries is called an open
  system, or control volume.

4
Chapter Summary
1-16

• The mass-dependent properties of a system are
  called extensive properties and the others,
  intensive properties. Density is mass per unit
  volume, and specific volume is volume per unit
  mass.

5
Chapter Summary
1-17

• The sum of all forms of energy of a system is
  called total energy, which is considered to
  consist of internal, kinetic, and potential
  energies. Internal energy represents the
  molecular energy of a system and may exist in
  sensible, latent, chemical, and nuclear forms.

6
Chapter Summary
1-18

• A system is said to be in thermodynamic
  equilibrium if it maintains thermal, mechanical,
  phase, and chemical equilibrium.

7
Chapter Summary
1-19

• Any change from one state to another is called a
  process.
• A process with identical end states is called a
  cycle.

8
Chapter Summary
1-20

• During a quasi-static or quasi-equilibrium
  process, the system remains practically in
  equilibrium at all times.

9
Chapter Summary
1-21

• The state of a simple, compressible system is
  completely specified by two independent,
  intensive properties.

10
Chapter Summary
1-22

• Force per unit area is called pressure, and its
  unit is the pascal. The absolute, gage, and
  vacuum pressures are related by

11
Chapter Summary
1-23

• Small to moderate pressure differences are
  measured by a manometer, and a differential fluid
  column of height h corresponds to a pressure
  difference of where ? is the fluid density
  and g is the local gravitational acceleration.

12
Chapter Summary
1-24

• The atmospheric pressure is measured by a
  barometer and is determined from where h is
  the height of the liquid column above the free
  surface.

13
Chapter Summary
1-25

• The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that two
  bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have
  the same temperature reading even if they are not
  in contact.

14
Chapter Summary
1-26

• The temperature scales used in the SI and the
  English system today are the Celsius scale and
  the Fahrenheit scale, respectively.

15
Chapter Summary
1-27

• The absolute temperature scale in the SI is the
  Kelvin scale, which is related to the Celsius
  scale by

16
Chapter Summary
1-28

• In the English system, the absolute temperature
  scale is the Rankine scale, which is related to
  the Fahrenheit scale by

17
Chapter Summary
1-29

• The magnitudes of each division of 1 K and 1 0C
  are identical, and so are the magnitude of each
  division of 1 R and 10F. Therefore,and

18
Chapter Summary
1-30

• An important application area of thermodynamics
  is the biological system. Most diets are based on
  the simple energy balance the net energy gained
  by a person in the form of fat is equal to the
  difference between the energy intake from food
  and the energy expended by exercise.

19
1
CHAPTER
BasicConcepts ofThermodynamics
20
Applications of Thermodynamics
1-1
21
Crossing Closed-System Boundries
1-2
Energy, not mass, crosses closed-system boundries

• (Fig. 1-13)

22
Closed System with Moving Boundry
1-3
23
Crossing Control Volume Boundaries
1-4
Mass and Energy Cross Control Volume Boundaries
24
Systems Internal Energy
1-5
Systems Internal Energy Sum of Microscopic
Energies

• (Fig. 1-19)

25
Quasi-Equilibrium, Work-Producing Devices
1-6
Quasi-Equilibrium, Work-Producing Devices Deliver
the Most Work

• (Fig. 1-30)

26
Compressed Process P-V Diagram
1-7

• (Fig. 1-31)

27
Absolute, Gage, and Vacuum Pressures
1-8

• (Fig. 1-36)

28
The Basic Manometer
1-9
29
Temperature Scales Comparison
1-10

• (Fig. 1-48)

30
Many Ways to Supply the Same Energy
1-11
Ways to supply a room with energy equalling a
300-W electric resistance heater

• (Fig. 1-52)

31
Bomb Calorimeter Used to Determine Energy
Content of Food
1-12

• (Fig. 1-53)

32
Chapter Summary
1-13

• Thermodynamics is the science that primarily
  deals with energy.

33
Chapter Summary
1-14

• The first law of thermodynamics is simply an
  expression of the conservation of energy
  principle, and it asserts that energy is a
  thermodynamic property.
• The second law of thermodynamics asserts that
  energy has quality as well as quantity, and
  actual processes occur in the direction of
  decreasing quality of energy.

34
Chapter Summary
1-15

• A system of fixed mass is called a closed system,
  or control mass, and a system that involves mass
  transfer across its boundaries is called an open
  system, or control volume.

35
Chapter Summary
1-16

• The mass-dependent properties of a system are
  called extensive properties and the others,
  intensive properties. Density is mass per unit
  volume, and specific volume is volume per unit
  mass.

36
Chapter Summary
1-17

• The sum of all forms of energy of a system is
  called total energy, which is considered to
  consist of internal, kinetic, and potential
  energies. Internal energy represents the
  molecular energy of a system and may exist in
  sensible, latent, chemical, and nuclear forms.

37
Chapter Summary
1-18

• A system is said to be in thermodynamic
  equilibrium if it maintains thermal, mechanical,
  phase, and chemical equilibrium.

38
Chapter Summary
1-19

• Any change from one state to another is called a
  process.
• A process with identical end states is called a
  cycle.

39
Chapter Summary
1-20

• During a quasi-static or quasi-equilibrium
  process, the system remains practically in
  equilibrium at all times.

40
Chapter Summary
1-21

• The state of a simple, compressible system is
  completely specified by two independent,
  intensive properties.

41
Chapter Summary
1-22

• Force per unit area is called pressure, and its
  unit is the pascal. The absolute, gage, and
  vacuum pressures are related by

42
Chapter Summary
1-23

• Small to moderate pressure differences are
  measured by a manometer, and a differential fluid
  column of height h corresponds to a pressure
  difference of where ? is the fluid density
  and g is the local gravitational acceleration.

43
Chapter Summary
1-24

• The atmospheric pressure is measured by a
  barometer and is determined from where h is
  the height of the liquid column above the free
  surface.

44
Chapter Summary
1-25

• The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that two
  bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have
  the same temperature reading even if they are not
  in contact.

45
Chapter Summary
1-26

• The temperature scales used in the SI and the
  English system today are the Celsius scale and
  the Fahrenheit scale, respectively.

46
Chapter Summary
1-27

• The absolute temperature scale in the SI is the
  Kelvin scale, which is related to the Celsius
  scale by

47
Chapter Summary
1-28

• In the English system, the absolute temperature
  scale is the Rankine scale, which is related to
  the Fahrenheit scale by

48
Chapter Summary
1-29

• The magnitudes of each division of 1 K and 1 0C
  are identical, and so are the magnitude of each
  division of 1 R and 10F. Therefore,and

49
Chapter Summary
1-30

• An important application area of thermodynamics
  is the biological system. Most diets are based on
  the simple energy balance the net energy gained
  by a person in the form of fat is equal to the
  difference between the energy intake from food
  and the energy expended by exercise.