FOA

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FOA

• Finish work on your AOW

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Verbals

• Verbals are words that look like verbs, but act
  like something else (nouns, adjectives, or
  adverbs).

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Objectives

1. I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive
   phrases in my writing.
2. I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases
   in my writing.
3. I can identify and use participles and
   participial phrases in my writing.

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Three Types of Verbals

• Infinitives
• Gerunds
• Participles

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Verbal 1Infinitives

• To a Verb

I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive
phrases in my writing.
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Preposition or Infinitive?

1. At the outdoor market, my grandmother likes to
   bargain.
2. Would you try to explain?
3. Give an explanation to Glen.
4. To believe took considerable faith.
5. Lindsey wrote letters to friends.

I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive
phrases in my writing.
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Infinitive or Preposition?

1. Our trip to China was filled with surprises.
2. After working so hard, he wanted to rest.
3. Baxters gift to me was too extravagant.
4. When do you plan to graduate?
5. On Vickys way to town, she had a flat tire.

I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive
phrases in my writing.
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Infinitives

• Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, or
  adverbs.
• They are the only thing in the English language
  that can.
• An infinitive can NEVER be the verb of the
  sentence.

I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive
phrases in my writing.
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A Little Practice

• The contract was written to provide the rights
  and laws you must know.
• The LA Zoo is fun to visit in the morning.
• The winner was excited to accept the new car.
• Chris is coming to discuss the location for the
  picnic.
• Editors are trained to find grammatical errors.

I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive
phrases in my writing.
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Infinitive Phrases

• Infinitives can be expanded into phrases by
  adding
• Adverbs Jeffs entire family likes to rise
  early.
• Adverb phrases To skate on the ice without
  falling was not too easy for him.
• Direct objects He hated to discuss emotions.
• Indirect objects and direct objects They
  promised to show us their slides.
• Predicate nouns and adjectives I would like her
  to determine her own goals.

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Identifying Infinitive Phrases

1. To describe the hockey game in an understandable
   manner required gestures.
2. The birdwatchers ambition was to see one hundred
   different species.
3. My friends and I went to see the exhibit on
   Indian art and to gather material for our report.
4. Huck and Tom swore to keep the secret about Injun
   Joe.

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Writing an Infinitive Poem...

1. Think of characters from books you've read or
   movies you've seen.
2. Choose one character.
3. Think of 5 things the character wanted and five
   things the character did not want.
4. Choose three or four infinitive phrases from each
   list. Use them in a poem. The first stanza might
   begin with the line All I wanted was....Begin
   the second stanza with the line But I didn't
   want....

I can identify and use infinitives and infinitive
phrases in my writing.
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Writing an Infinitive Poem...

• All I wanted was
• to blow down houses
• to eat three pigs
• to dream of bacon sandwiches
• But I didn't want
• to build a house
• to go hungry
• to be foiled by brick walls
• to become wolf stew
• 5. Revise your original stanzas. Add adjectives
  to the phrases change words add additional
  phrases.

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Revised Infinitive Poem

• All I longed for was
• to blow down flimsy, pork-hiding houses,
• to lunch and munch on three plump pigs,
• to doze the day away and digest a delectable
  meal,
• to dream a delicious dream of succulent
  bacon
• sandwiches.
• But I didn't want
• to labor, to sweat, to build a house of my
  own,
• to suffer the pangs of horrible hunger,
• to be foiled by a barrier of big brick
  walls,
• to slip down a chimney,
• to splash into a vat of water,
• to become wolf stew.

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ObjectiveI can identify and use gerunds and
gerund phrases in my writing.
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Verbal 2 Gerunds

• Gerunds are words that look like verbs but act
  like NOUNS and end in ING.
• Examples
• Running is my favorite activity.
• I like jogging more than I like walking.

I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases
in my writing.
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NOTE

• An ing word must be preceded by a helping verb
  in order to be a verb. Without a helping verb, it
  is a gerund.
• EXAMPLE
• The freshmen have been taking the test.

I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases
in my writing.
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Gerund Phrases

• Gerunds can be attached to prepositional phrases
  or other words to form phrases.
• Reading a book is food for the brain.
• Climbing a tree can be fun but dangerous.
• Running through the mall might get you kicked
  out.
• Singing in the shower is sometimes a very bad
  habit.

I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases
in my writing.
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Using Gerunds in Your Writing

• Use gerunds to emphasize what has occurred rather
  than who is acting.
• EXAMPLE
• I like softball. It is a lot of fun. I have fun
  with my friends on the team.
• Playing softball is fun. My teammates have
  become some of my good friends.

I can identify and use gerunds and gerund phrases
in my writing.
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Using Gerunds in Your Writing

• Combining Sentences by using a gerund.
• EXAMPLES
• I used to hate English. Then I took Mrs. Brown.
  She gives clear explanations of grammar. Now I
  think English is interesting.
• Hating English was part of my life until my first
  class with Mrs. Brown. Her clear explanations
  make English interesting.

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Writing Activity A Gerund Poem

• Think of a book you have read, an event you have
  attended, or something else that has lots of
  people doing lots of things in the same place.
• Examples fairy tales, a baseball stadium, a
  family gathering, shopping at the mall, etc.
• Choose one place. Make a list of all the actions
  there. Describe those actions with gerund
  phrases.
• Example A baseball stadiumthrowing fastballs,
  running bases, sliding home, calling strikes,
  watching fireworks, buying tickets, etc.

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Writing Activity A Gerund Poem

• Second, begin with a statement like
• A baseball stadium is ....
• When you want to introduce a new set of actions,
  repeat the line.

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Rubric
25 20 15
Brainstorming 5 ideas Less than 5 None
Gerund List At least 15 6-14 5 or less
3 stanzas All 3 2 1
At least 5 phrases per stanza All 3-4 Less than 3
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ObjectiveI can identify and use participles and
participial phrases in my writing.
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Verbal 3 Participles and Participial Phrases

• Participles are verbals.
• Participles look like verbs, but act like
  ADJECTIVES.

I can identify and use participles and
participial phrases in my writing.
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Present Participles
Past Participles

• Usually end in -ED
• Frightened
• Entertained
• Sometimes end in -T or -EN
• Burst
• Written

• End in -ING
• Frightening
• Entertaining

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Examples

• Present participle
• Limping, the hiker favored his aching ankle.
• Limping describes hiker
• Aching describes ankle

• Past participle
• Confused, Nan returned to her interrupted work.
• Confused describes Nan
• Interrupted describes work

I can identify and use participles and
participial phrases in my writing.
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More examples...

• Jessicas shining eyes betrayed her excitement.
• The shattered window needs replacement.
• The beating heart fascinated Billy.
• The lost boys screamed in the night.
• The policeman found the stolen car.

I can identify and use participles and
participial phrases in my writing.
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Being and Having

• The present participles being and having may be
  followed by a past participle.
• Being informed, I knew what to expect.
• Having decided, Adele acted quickly.

I can identify and use participles and
participial phrases in my writing.
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Verb or Participle?

• The dog is snarling at the plumber.
• The singers delighted their audience.

The snarling dog attacked the plumber. Delighted,
the audience applauded.
I can identify and use participles and
participial phrases in my writing.
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Verb, Participle or Gerund?

• Do we have any wrapping paper left?
• The detective was wrapping up the case.
• Wrapping the gifts took longer than expected.

I can identify and use participles and
participial phrases in my writing.
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Verb, Participle or Gerund?

• Emily must have been dreaming about her
  boyfriend.
• The dreaming girl stared absently out the window.
• I often remember dreaming.

I can identify and use participles and
participial phrases in my writing.
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Participial phrases

• Jumping high, Brad hit his head on the ceiling.
• The chemist, blinded by smoky fumes, stumbled.
• Scanning the book, Angelica spotted the answer.

I can identify and use participles and
participial phrases in my writing.
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• If you use a participial phrase at the beginning
  of a sentence, it absolutely must modify the
  subject of the sentence.
• Looking down the street, I saw the rabid dog.
• Looking down the street, the rabid dog came
  toward us.