Polyatomic ions

1
Polyatomic ions

• Poly Many
• Atomic having to do with atoms
• ions having a charge or
• How do more than one atom come together?

2
Ne
3
SULFITE
4
sulfite
-2
S
O
(Sulfur dioxide SO2) Used as a preservative in
wine for its antibacterial properties, and as a
bleaching agent in flour. Sulfur dioxide may be
used to fumigate fruit and vegetables to extend
their shelf life.
Occurs naturally in the atmosphere and as a
pollutant gas from combustion of fuels with
sulfur. Sulfur dioxide is one cause of acid
rain.
5
sulfite
-2
O
O
O
S
S
S
O
S
O
SO SO2SO3 SO3-2
O
O
O
O
(Sulfite) Used to sterilize fermentation
equipment and food containers, as well as for its
antimicrobial properties. Generally meat, cereals
and dairy products may not be treated with it as
it destroys thiamine (vitamin B1) content. Over
exposure to sulfites in food may cause an
asthmatic attack. 1 out 100 people are sensitive
to sulfite causing allergic reactions. Some
people have died.
6
SULFATE
7
sulfite
-2
-2
sulfate
Sulfate
O
O
O
O
S
O
S
O
S
S
O
S
O
O
O
O
O
O
Sulfuric Acid 2H SO4-2 Calcium sulfate
(casts, gypsum-drywall) (White Sands,
NM) Magnesium Sulfate (Epson salts) Barium
Sulfate (contrast medium for xrays) Copper
sulfate is an algaecide.
8
SULFATE
Sulfuric Acid 2H SO4-2 Calcium sulfate
(casts, gypsum-drywall) (White Sands,
NM) Magnesium Sulfate (Epson salts) Barium
Sulfate (contrast medium for xrays)
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CHLORATES
10
perchlorate
chlorite
chlorate
Sodium
O
O
O
hypochlorite
Cl
O
O
Cl
Cl
O
Cl
Cl
O
O
O
O
Cl
Cl2 ClO- ClO2- ClO3- ClO4-
Chlorate perchlorate strong oxidizers Metallic
chlorates perchlorates turn into salt plus
oxygen. KClO3 ? KCl O2 Fireworks,
explosives, O2 for rocket fuel
11
O
Cl
O
4-5 million pounds per day Chlorine dioxide for
disinfecting drinking water, bleaching paper
pulp, treating foods such as shrimp, fruits,
vegetables, flour. Sanitizing food processing
equipment. Chlorine dioxide used to sterilize
water in water treatment plants. Chlorine dioxide
was used to fumigate Fed buildings for anthrax.
It was created at the site.
12
AMMONIUM
13
AMMONIA
O
H
C
C
N
H
O
H
H
H
Acid part
Amino part
Ammonia is created in the body from digestion of
proteins and amino acids. If theres an excess
of nitrogen, the body converts it to urea, which
is less toxic. Urea is expelled in the
urine. Some babies are born without the enzymes
to convert ammonia to urea, so they develop
hyperammonemia, which is fatal or will cause
brain damage. Ammonia is formed when animal waste
is decomposed by bacteria.
14
AMMONIA Water Ammonium Hydroxide
1
-1
-
N
O
-
-
-
-
Ammonia added to water will form ammonium
hydroxide (cleaning ammonia)
Ammonium nitrate Fertilizer, explosivesAmmonium
chloride conducts electricity inside dry-cell
batteries. Also used in cough medicines to hide
the taste of bitter tasting medicines. Also used
as expectorant.
15
NITRATES/NITRITES
16
High nitrate levels in drinking water can harm
infants. Nitrate is converted into nitrite by
bacteria that survives in infants stomachs.
by bacteria that survives in infants stomachs
causing blue baby syndrome

• The nitrite in the blood converts the hemoglobin
  in red blood cells to methemoglobin (meta
  hemoglobin)
• Metamorphosis (meta morpho) changeshape
• This reduces the ability of the blood to carry
  oxygen, causing a condition known as
  methemoglobinemia, or "blue baby syndrome."

17
Nitrite
-1
Nitrate
-1
O
O
N
N
N
O
N
O
NO2-
O
NO3-
18
Acetate
Acetic Acid (vinegar)
-1
-
C
O
C
-
-
-
O
C2H3O2-
When hydrogen proton comes off or reacts with
something, its electron is left behind. This
makes the remaining molecule negatively charged.
It then becomes the acetate ion. The negatively
charged acetate ion is then attracted to anything
positive, such as metals that have lost an
electron.
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Ammonium acetate NH4C2H3O2 is used in permanent
waves products.
ACETATE
Cellulose acetate made from acetic acid and
cellulose (wood fiber) used to make clear
plastic, fabrics, and movie film (celluloid)
Calcium acetate Ca(C2H3O2)2 is used as a
thickener in batters, butter, puddings, pie
fillers.
Sodium acetate NaC2H3O2 is used for instant
heating pads.
20
Carbonate
-2
CaCO3 is a common mineral. One form is calcite
and another is chalk. It is often created by
marine life. Coral is mostly CaCO3 (calcium
carbonate) and is used as a calcium supplement.
TUMS is also calcium carbonate and is promoted
as acid neutralizer and calcium supplement
O
-
C
O
-
O
21
cyanide CN-
hydrogen cyanide HCN
-
N
C
-
Cyanide CN- is found in solution. Hydrogen
cyanide HCN is the gas.
N
C
-
Gas chambers used a pesticide called Zyklon B,
which decomposed to HCN. First used in camps to
delouse and for Typhus.
22
Cyanide CN-
The seeds and pits of apricots, cherries,
almonds, peaches, and apples contain amygdalin.
Inside the intestine bacteria can convert this to
cyanide. Under the name of Laetrile, amygdalin
has been proposed as a treatment for cancer, but
the medical community has rejected thisclaim.
23
Cyanide CN-
Cassava is an important food source for 500
million people, but the roots contain a substance
that, when eaten, can trigger the production of
cyanide. Only proper cooking can neutralize the
substance.
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Acetate
Sodium acetate is used for instant heating pads
By breaking a capsule a seed crystal of sodium
acetate allows the crystallization of the
supercooled liquid sodium acetate. Zinc acetate
in lozenges to fight colds.
-1
-
C
O
C
-
-
Na
-
O
Calcium acetate is used as a thickener in
batters, butter, puddings, pie fillers. It also
is used to adjust acidity (pH) of foods and to
preserve foods. Ammonium acetate is used in
permanent waves and haircare products.
25
Acetate
Cellulose acetate made from acetic acid and
cellulose (wood fiber) used to make clear
plastic, fabrics, and movie film (celluloid)
-1
-
C
O
C
-
-
-
O
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Carbonates
-2
CO2 H2O -gt H2CO3 -gt H HCO3-1 -gt 2H CO3-2
O
Important in the body to maintain correct pH in
blood.Not enough breathing and CO2 levels rise
leading to more acidity and condition called
acidosis. Hyperventilation and too much CO2
being expelled leads to condition of alkalosis.
-
C
O
-
O
This same reaction happens in making carbonated
drinks. Compressed CO2 is bubbled through water
making carbonic acid.
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bicarbonate
-1
Baking soda is Sodium bicarbonate or NaHCO3.
This reacts with acids in the food to form carbon
dioxide gas to get the batter to rise. NaHCO3
H -gt Na H2O CO2(gas)Baking powder has its
own acids to help the reaction to take place.
-
O
C
O
O
-
To reduce acidity in the blood, sometimes sodium
or potassium bicarbonate are injected into
patients that have developed diabetes induced
acidosis. Other conditions that cause acidosis
may also be treated by bicarbonates.
28
phthalate
phthalic acid
diethyl phthalate Plasticizer Softens
polyvinyl chloride plaster for chew toys and for
saran wrap. Also used in cosmetics, insecticides,
and food wrapping. Concern over it leaching into
food.
Tygon tubing. PVC softened with below ester used
for surgical tubing. Good for contact with blood
and pumps. Also wound drainage.