Atomic Structure

1
Atomic Structure
Element Only made up of only one type of atom
we say it is an element.
Compound Made up of two or more elements
chemically combined together.
There are three parts to an atom.
Group Number of electron in outer shell Period
Number of shells
Atom have no electrical charge because the number
of electrons (-) is equal to the number of
protons () in the nucleus. (PE)
Atoms of different elements have different number
of PROTONS.
Particle Relative Mass Relative Charge
Proton 1 1
Electron 0 -1
Neutron 1 0
You need to be able to work out Protons,
Electrons, Neutrons (PEN)
Chemical calculations
Relative atomic mass(Ar) Mass of a element Can
be found on the periodic table (Top number)
Relative molecular mass (Mr) The mass of a
molecule (two or more elements joined together).
114161616 Mr of HNO363 63
2
CHEMICAL BONDING, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES
Metallic glass
Ionic Bonding
New form of steel that is three times as strong
as normal steel, resists rust and is
non-magnetic.
Ammonia NH3
Water H2O
Methane CH4
Covalent bonding
simple
GIANT
Diamond
Graphite
Other forms of Carbon

• Does not conduct electricity (No free electrons)
• Very strong
• High melting point-strong bonds

• Conduct electricity (free electron)
• Lubricant (layers slide over each other)
• High melting point-strong bonds

METALIC BONDING.

• Ordered structure of Positive ions
• Sea of free electrons.

Conduct electricity Free electrons can move and
carry a charge.
Ductile (drawn into wires) Layers on ions can
move over each other.
Melting point Depends on number of electrons in
outer shell. The more electrons the higher the
melting point.
3
Metal ores
THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF METALS 1
Most metals do not occur naturally. They have to
be extracted from rocks containing metals, these
are called ores.
DISPLACEMENT Reactions
Displacement reactions happen when a more
reactive metal pushes out a less reactive metal.
Example Zinc Copper Sulphate -gt Zinc Sulphate
Copper
Zinc is higher than copper so it DISPLACES it.
LOOK on THE SERIES
Carbon is more reactive than Iron so it displaces
Iron.
4
THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF METALS II
Electrolysis
Opposite charges attract
Used to get aluminium from its ore.
Name of Aluminium Ore Bauxite Compound it
contains Aluminium Oxide Method of extraction
Electrolysis (electrical/heat energy needed)
O2-
Al3

Aluminium Al3 attracted to Cathode (-)
Oxygen O2- attracted to Anode ()
Electrode Where the electricity goes into the solution (Cathode - Anode )
Electrolysis When compounds are split using electricity
Electrolyte The solution that electricity passes through (Aluminium Oxide)
Ion A charged atom, that has gained or lost electrons. (Al3 O2-)
Properties of aluminium
Use Reason
1. High voltage power cables Light, resistant to corrosion
2. Saucepans and kitchen foil Good conductor of heat, non toxic
3. Window frames and greenhouses Strong and light
4. Drinks cans Strong and non toxic
5. Aeroplane and car bodies Strong and resistant to corrosion
Locating aluminium works
Recycle or extraction
Recycling only uses 5 energy so it saves 95
energy.
5
LEARN USES and PROPERTIES of copper
THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF METALS III
What is an ALLOY?
An alloy is a mixture of a metal with at least
one other element. Alloys are stronger than pure
metal because of their structure.
Use Property
1. Wires in electrical circuits Good conductor of heat
2. Saucepans Non toxic
3. Jewellery Malleable and ductile, attractive colour and lustre
4. Water pipes Non toxic and malleable
What is Steel?
Steel is an iron alloy! There are different types
of steel alloys
LEARN USES and PROPERTIES of Titanium
The more carbon the stronger but more brittle the
alloy.
Use Reason
1. Aircraft industry Light, tough, non corrosive
2. Surgical equipment Light, tough, non corrosive
3. Artificial joints, plates for bone fractures Non toxic, light, tough, non corrosive
4. Jewellery Non toxic

• Steel is recycled on a large scale
• Recycling steel saves 50 of the energy used in
  the extraction of iron
• Helps to conserve iron ore.
• Cuts down on the emission of greenhouse gases.

6
AMMONIA AND FERTILISERS
Ammonia is used to make fertilisers, in a process
called the HABER PROCESS.
Conditions High Temperature 400 -450oC High
Pressure 200atm Iron Catalyst
It is a reversible reaction, so it never goes to
finishes!!!
Fertilisers are made by reacting ammonia with
acid. Either NITRIC OR SULPHURIC ACID. This is
called NEUTRALISATION
7
Two types of Hydrocarbons (made of Carbon and
Hydrogen)
Cracking
1. Alkane
2. ALKENE
Cracking is when large Alkane hydrocarbons can be
broken by heating and a catalyst to form smaller
more useful hydrocarbon molecules including
alkenes. E.g. decane ? octane ethene C10H22 ?
C8H18 C2H4
NO Double bond LEARN

• Alkenes reactive molecules
• Used to make plastics
• Double bond.

Plastics
Advantages of using plastics Disadvantage of using plastics
Cheap Light Does not corrode Strong Water proof Use less energy to make Made from non renewable source Traps and kills animals Many non biodegradable Creates rubbish and pollution
Monomer Single Alkenes unit Polymer Lots of
monomers linked together. Polymerisation Process
for joining monomers to form polymers
Thermoplastic These plastics melt when heated. Eg Cling flim, bowls, buckets. Weak bonds chains slide over each other, melt easily. Thermosets These plastics do not sofen when heated. Eg Saucepan handels Chains are connected by cross links. Which needs lots of energy to break them
Name of polymer PVC PVC PVC PTFE (Teflon) PTFE (Teflon) PTFE (Teflon) Polyethene Polyethene Polyethene
Three properties Fire proof Strong Thermal insulator High melting point Non-stick Low friction Soft Flexible Low melting point
Uses Window frames Window frames Window frames Non-Stick frying pans Non-Stick frying pans Non-Stick frying pans Carrier bags Carrier bags Carrier bags
8
Smart materials
Range of modern materials whose properties change
with a change in the surroundings, such as
changes in temperature, light, pH, etc, for
example
Name of Smart Material Respond to.. Example to learn
Thermochromic paints and pigments INK or PAINTS respond to HEAT Print on T-Shirts Baby spoon changes colour when food is to hot.
Photochromic paints and pigments LIGHT Sunglasses lenses
Hydrogels Absorb water Artificial muscles and robotic actuators. Nappies
Shape memory polymers Plastic that responds to HEAT Plastic car bodies
Shape-memory alloys NiTi or nitinol, an alloy of nickel and titanium, which has the ability to regain it's original shape when heated Spectacle frames. Coffee pot thermostat Stents for holding veins open.
9
Water
Water Purification
Solubility curves
Solute the substance that dissolves
(sugar). Solvent the liquid doing the
dissolving (water). Solubility mass of solute
that dissolves in a certain mass of solvent.
Solubility of a solute increases with an increase
in temperature
Solubility/ g per 100g of water
HARD water
As rain water flows through rocks, it picks up
calcium and magnesium ions. The result is - hard
water.
potassium chlorate
Ion that cause hard water Ca 2 Mg 2
Temperature C
Testing Water for Hardness
2 types of hard water.....
How to keep a FAIR TEST SAME amount of soap (10
drops) SAME amount of water( 5ml) Shaken SAME
amount of times (20 times)
Soft water
TEMPORARY can be removed
PERMANENT
ADVANTAGES SOFT 1. Cleans better 2. Uses less
soap 3. No Scum
ADVANTAGES HARD 1. Pleasant taste 2. Calcium good
for bones 3.Helps heart disease
Ways of softening hard water
1. Adding sodium carbonate 2. Boiling 3. Ion
exchange
DISADVANTAGE HARD 1. Use more soap 2.Leaves
scum 3. Scaling blocks pipes
DISADVANTAGE SOFT Got more Sodium linked to
heart disease
AHARDEST least amount of froth B SOFTEST
most amount of froth