AntaresInauguration

1
a selected overview...
the Bright Future for Neutrino
Facilities around the world
L. R. Sulak CPPM Marseille and Boston
University
2
a new era since 1998, the advent of neutrino mass
and oscillations now a panoply of key,
very difficult, experiments precision neutrino
oscillation parameters Petcov
...search for CP violation in a second sector of
nature neutrinoless double beta decay
Avignone,Vergados absolute mass scale...the
problem of mass Feruglio neutrino
astronomy all point to high energy scale,
possibly Grand Unification scale each
goal has very different needs neutrino
sources...flux, energy, baseline
detectors...shielding, depth, volume
neutrinos...physics as important as searching for
electroweak scale
... neutrinos merit the many required new
facilities de Gouvea, Spiro,
Wolfenstein...
3
...the future... Evolution of Major Neutrino
Research Worldwide Facility
Detectors Neutrino Source
SNOLab SNO?SNO ?SNO
Bruce Reactor bb, Dark Matter ...
Soudan Lab Minos?NOnA NuMI ? p
driver Kamioka Lab SK?Hyper-K
K2K?T2K KEK ?
JPARC Kamland? many reactors
... Gran Sasso Lab Opera,
Icarus CNGS ? SPL ...
Modane Lab? ?Megaton CERN ? SPL
... South Pole
Amanda?IceCube astro
Mediterranean Antares/Nemo/Nestor?Km3
astro
4
...time limits talk to selected future operations
not already discussed... (apologies
to many friends for providing info for other
facilities) SNOLab... new international
lab, in transition 50 M expansion program to
accommodate many experiments SNO detector
evolution
Wilkerson Km3 astrophysical
observatory... 3 sites and 2 technologies
Piatelli, Thompson first data from Nestor
prototype star Tzamarias constructi
on of 12 string Antares underway
Anton requested 10 M Euro for Km3 engineering,
site study in approval process Frejus
Lab...a home for Megaton? with potential ideal
beams from CERN Neutrino planning
studies in the US
5
Nestor prototype Star Deployment March 2003
6 blue optical modules 2 pms each 6 yellow
floats above pix white lines to bouy
red line to LED beacon below, unseen lines
to junction box
Tzamarias
6
Nestor 800 events from 106 4-fold triggers
Track Candidate Number of Hits Number of Used Hits Number of Degrees of Freedom Zenith Angle (Degrees) Azimuth Angle (Degrees) Impact Parameter (m) Pseudovertex Pseudovertex Pseudovertex ?2 -lnLch
Track Candidate Number of Hits Number of Used Hits Number of Degrees of Freedom Zenith Angle (Degrees) Azimuth Angle (Degrees) Impact Parameter (m) Vx (m) Vy (m) Vz (m) ?2 -lnLch
1 7 7 2 30 ( 35) 82 3) 11 11 ( 21) 30 ( 23) 42 ( 9) 3 36.5
2 7 7 2 101 ( 10) 33 ( 29) 9 43 ( 15) 32 ( 16) -4 ( 8) 2.7 30.3
Run 63_37 Event 396
7
Angular Fits to Nestor Raw Data

8
Nestor measurement of atmospheric muon flux
...an existence proof for deep underwater
technology
9
...deployment of Antares preproduction prototype
string, 5 OMs, 2002 Anton
10
beside geography, why so many facilities? for
Megaton... the bigger the better. for solar
and background sensitive expts the deeper,
the better e.g. impossible for IMB consider
SNO at Sudbury

11
...Letters of Intent, presentations from last
month Sinclair Prospective Experiments at
New SNOLab Intl Facility 6 kmwe, deepest
intl facility 70 muons/day vs. 26,000/day at
Kamioka 2 new halls, 30m x 15m, approved
(1/2 size vs. Gran Sasso), 50 M upgrades
potentially in new halls, starting 07 Dark
Matter Searches CDMS vs Soudan, SNO depth
minimizes muon-induced fast neutrons
Akerib ZEPLIN dark matter with liquid
scintillator, if Boulby is not deep enough
Smith CLEAN 1 T (10 T for solar n)
self-shielded, scintillating liquid Ne/Xe
McKinsey XENON drifting charge dark matter
search - R D Aprile DRIFT dark
matter with pointing using low pressure TPC
Martoff PICASSO acoustic detection of nuclear
recoil with superheated bubbles in gel Zacek
or Neutrino Experiments HALO SNO 3He
detectors with Pb, supernova neutrinos
Duba Noble Liquid Tracking Detectors for solar
neutrinos with He or Xe Willis
12
or Double Beta Decay
searches Majorana 500 kg of Ge detectors for
?? scale up of known technology
Elliott GERDA (GENIUS) 1 T Ge crystals in clean
Liq N2, no housings, self-shielded Abt EXO
Xe TPC, with laser fluorescence tag of Ba
upon decay Gratta COBRA
CdZnTe...semiconductor, all 3 ?? candidates
Zuber with the SNO Detector or
Cavity after 3He neutral current work is done,
SNO Phase III over, D2O comes out in 07 SNO
geo and reactor neutrinos fill with
scintillator with n tag, get 700 kT
fiducial Chen SNO ??
Decay scintillator 1 Ton of Te or Nb
nanocrystals McDonald
or 2 Ton Xe dissolved gas
SNO best facility in
world for almost all experiments?
...but potential cavity size too small for
Megaton
13
...potential future of SNO Detector, for geo
and reactor neutrinos... A Closer Look at SNO
infrastructure for low background work e.g.
low Rn cover gas (N2), 1 neutron capture/day from
UTh 1 kT of low background liquid
scintillator, as in KamLAND w/ 10-17 Geo
electron anti-neutrinos Gratta n energy
3.4 MeV - 1.8 MeV Q 1.6 MeV positron
1 MeV ee- annihilation 2.6 MeV
deposited for KamLAND at 180 km from reactors,
looking for geo n at lt2.6 MeV overwhelmed by
2nd oscillation minimum at 3 MeV ...hard to
extract geo n since reactor n spectrum distorted
just there and only 40 geo neutrinos per year
14
consider geo signal to noise
Fiorentini ...KamLAND poised to make another
splash ...
...but geo-neutrinos and reactor neutrinos are
difficult to separate
15
... SNO vs. KamLAND how important is distance
from reactor? SNO is 240 km from 14 GW
Bruce vs KamLAND at 180 km from 80 GW
Gratta 2nd reactor
oscillation minimum moves up x 1.5 to 5
MeV reactor flux is max no geo n signal
gt3.4 MeV ...clean for reactor
neutrinos narrower dip ? sharper spectral
distortion a notch at 5 MeV 80 events /
year, if no reactor oscillations
note subtle difference in
pattern with Caspers Oscillator for
geo-neutrinos, look lt 2.6 MeV, at SNO many
fewer reactor neutrinos (1 reactor, further away)
oscillation pattern smeared out 64
geo-neutrino events / year vs. 29 at KamLAND 10
at Borexino U/Th neutrino source thick
continental crust, Galbiati vs.
the thin coastal crust in Japan
SNO... ideal to separate geo from reactor
neutrinos?
16
(No Transcript)
17
(No Transcript)
18
...again using the great depth... SNO as low
energy solar neutrino detector 7Be
0.86 MeV line 10 calculational, 40
experimental uncertainty...difficult pep
1.44 MeV line...a precision measurement 1
predicted uncertainty...3000/year
oscillated muon-induced 11C ? e gives 1 MeV
within 20 minutes untenable background in
KamLAND , Borexino SNO with only 70
muons/day track muon and veto 1 m radius around
it see talk of Suzuki
19
...the other lab with a rebirth...
Modane Megaton detector two possible sites,
both 130 km to CERN Fréjus I
required second tunnel, near the present lab,
05-08 deep covering,
4800 mwe dry rock, good quality, well
known question 5m diameter
safety tunnel or 10m roadway? Fréjus II
15 km experimental tunnel for new Lyon-Torino
TGV train (actual train
tunnel to be longest and deepest in Europe)
endorsed by Chirac and Berlusconi on Monday
covering of 7000 mwe
rock expected to be hard, but not
yet studied potentially water, since
glaciers above problem
regional support for lab if no entry in France?
Bouchez, Gerbier,
Mosca
20
EU build Megaton for proton decay and
supernova after tunneling
super and beta beams later...(CLIC
competition?) JPARC/T2K Hyper-K and 2 MW
proton source upgrade tentative, pending
proton decay hint at Super-K, or
favorable ?13 measurement in
T2K...Hyper-K could be much later
21
Advantages of both Frejus Sites  
independent, horizontal access neutrino
super-beams and beta beams likely upgrades to
CERN at magic distance and right L/E (130
km/0.3 GeV) for those beams if LEP RF cavities
recycled, 2.2 GeV protons give 0.3 GeV n higher
energy, muon/pion discrimination a problem
lower energy, muons dont make enough Cherenkov
light in water (further away, higher E, as in
US, e/po/g separation a problem for C
French and Italian joint initiative extension
of Gran Sasso Lab... water prevents a Megaton
cavity preliminary study of large
cavity (106 m3) at both Fréjus sites 
maximum possible size of cavity for each of 3
shapes? cost and time of
excavation?
22
...under study Modane Megaton, 2
detector technologies, 3 geometries 1 MT water
Cherenkov à la Hyper-K 100 kT liquid argon
Bueno, Rubbia
23
Bouchez, Gerbier, Mosca
24
...meanwhile in America? Two Neutrino Physics
Planning Processes American Physical Society
Neutrino Study...by August Freedman
Kayser set priorities for experiments with
neutrinos solar atmospheric
astrophysical reactor
superbeams double beta decay NSF
Initiative A Deep Engineering and Science
Underground Laboratory 7 potential sites
Henderson, Homestake, Icicle Creek,
Kimburton, San Jacinto, Soudan, WIPP 3
solicitations for proposals 1) site
independent physics justification and
requirements, May 04 2) site specific
proposals, a few to be chosen 3) full
proposals, limited to the NSF selected sites
25
...conclusions... new recognition of
importance of neutrino physics relative to
electroweak symmetry breaking necessity of
coupled source / detector facilities synergism
with proton drivers at CERN, FNAL, JPARC
increased luminosity and intensity for other
experiments radioactive ion beams...nuclear,
biology, medicine naturally lead to hot
neutrino beams Hayato,
Kobayashi, Mezzetto Neutrino 06 results
expected from Antares, Minos...as well as many
other experiments longer term
significant promise for Hyper-K, IceCube, Km3,
Megaton ...bright future for neutrino
facilities, near, medium and long term
26
...but first, a personal au revoir
recognizing precocious mentorship for proton
decay, neutrino oscillation searches...
wild ideas welcome... acoustic
detection 77, water Cherenkov 77 79, up/down
ne/nm asymmetry 79 ...and the
tradition lives on Learned
George Marx and Angel Morales, homage for this,
their conference series godfathers to neutrino
physics and the legacy of detectors
that followed
27
wither this next step in neutrino physics in
Europe? Future European Neutrino Sources and
Detectors   Coordinated Accelerator Research in
Europe for Hi Intensity Proton Pulsed Injector
CERN accelerator projects Multi-MegaWatt Proton
Linac RFQ preinjector 3MeV _at_ 50 mA... a
project of CEA, CNRS, IN2P3 Linac 4 3 MeV ?
160MeV5-10 x more protons...RD Superconducting
Proton Linac (SPL at CERN, Proton Driver at
FNAL) 160 MeV ? 2 GeV x 2 mA 4 MW goal for
2014 the promise for neutrino
physics Super-intense CERN Neutrinos to Gran
Sasso (SCNGS) 2 x more neutrinos (limited by
other elements in complex) Super (but
conventional) Neutrino Beams...many more
neutrinos (Advantages for LHC (robust
operation, hi luminosity for UltraLHC, rare K
decays, etc 3-4 x more protons on
target) Aleksan
28
(No Transcript)