Elements of the Arts

1
Elements of the Arts

• Terminology and Vocabulary for Visual Art, Dance,
  Drama, and Music

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MUSIC
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Elements of Music

• Melody The tune or main part of a piece of
  music. Horizonal notation. What one hums.
• Harmony 2 or more notes played or sung at the
  same time. Vertical notation.
• Rhythm The organization of notes and rests to
  create a beat, meter, and tempo.

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Elements of Music

• Tone Color/Timbre The special sound
  characteristics of each instrument, voice or
  sound.
• Form The overall plan or structure of a musical
  composition.
• Dynamics The loudness and softness of music.
  The amplitude of the sound wave.
• Tempo The speed at which a selection is played

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Melody Terminology and Components

• Direction - Whether a melody moves higher or
  lower or remains the same.
• Step moving from one note directly to the next
  highest or lowest. Whole steps (Major 2nd) and
  half (Minor 2nds) steps. One whole step equals 2
  half steps.
• Skip Moving from one note to another that skips
  a note in between. Interval of a 3rd, Major (4
  half steps) or Minor (3 half steps).

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Melody Terminology and Components

• Leap Movement of more than a major 3rd. Large
  Intervals.
• Pitch The highness or lowness of sound. The
  frequency of the sound wave.
• Shape The shape created by the motion of a
  melody, moving higher, lower, or remaining on the
  same pitch.

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Melody Terminology and Components

• Pitch Notation Symbols used to tell a performer
  what pitch to play or to sing.
• Treble Clef (G Clef) Symbol used to signify
  higher sounding pitches.
• Bass Clef (F Clef) Symbol used to designate
  lower sounding pitches.

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Melody Terminology and Components

• Treble Clef Lines Bottom to Top - E, G, B, D, F
  - (Every Good Boy Does Fine)
• Treble Clef Spaces Bottom to Top F, A, C, E
  (Spells the word FACE)

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Melody Terminology and Components

• Bass Clef Lines Bottom to Top G, B, D, F, A
  (Good Boys Do Fine Always)
• Bass Clef Spaces Bottom to Top A, C, E, G
  (All Cows Eat Grass)

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Harmony Terminology and Components

• Intervals Distance between two notes.
• Major pattern of notes (scale) arranged in a
  special order w w h w w w h (w whole step, h
  half step).
• Minor pattern of notes (scale) arranged w h w w
  h w w (Natural) There are other types of minor
  scales Melodic and Harmonic.

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Harmony Terminology and Components

• Parts separate lines in music, played or sung
  by different instruments or voices.
• Tonic (key) - Resting or home tone. All other
  tones are related to the tonic.
• Tonality Relation of other tones to the tonic
  or home tone.
• Texture Thickness of the sound relative to
  harmonic structure (see next slide)

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Harmony Terminology and Components

• Monophonic Single unison part All voices or
  instruments produce the same melody at the same
  time.
• Homophonic Different parts are sung or played
  at the same time, starting and ending together
  (Like a church hymn)
• Polyphonic Different parts are sung or played
  at different times, starting and ending at
  different times (Like a round or canon).

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Rhythm Terminology and Components

• Bar Lines Vertical lines that divide the staff
  into measures.
• Duration Length of time that a sound or silence
  lasts.
• Fermata Symbol to hold a note for a duration
  that is longer than normal.
• Notes Symbols for Sound
• Rests Symbols for silence

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Rhythm Terminology and Components Notes

• Whole Note sound lasts for 4 beats
• Half Note sound lasts for 2 beats
• Quarter Note sound lasts for 1 beat
• Eighth Note sound lasts for ½ beat
• Sixteenth Note sound lasts for ¼ beat
• Dot adds ½ the value of the note or rest to the
  duration

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Rhythm Terminology and Components Rests

• Whole Rest silence for 4 beats
• Half Rest silence for 2 beats
• Quarter Rest silence for 1 beat
• Eighth Rest silence for ½ beat
• Sixteenth Rest silence for ¼ beat

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Rhythm Terminology and Components Meter

• Meter Organization of beats into a recurring
  pattern often notated by a meter or time
  signature at the beginning of a composition.
• Duple Meter Meter in a 2 Pattern (e.g., 2/4
  4/4) Accent on down beat and secondary accent on
  beat 3 in 4/4 time.
• Triple Meter Meter in a 3 Pattern (e.g., ¾,
  6/8) Accent on the down beat.

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Rhythm Terminology and Components Meter
continued

• Simple Meter Basic beat pattern such as 2/4 or
  ¾ with one accent per measure.
• Compound Meter Beat patterns where each main
  beat is divided such as 2/4 or 6/8 with more than
  one accent per measure.
• Asymmetrical Meter Beat patterns that are
  uneven in number (e.g., 5/4, 7/4, 5/8) where it
  is not duple or triple, but combinations of the
  two.

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Rhythm Terminology and Components Tempo

• Tempo Speed at which music is played or
  performed.
• Adagio Slow
• Largo Very Slow
• Andante Medium
• Moderato Medium
• Allegro Fast
• Vivace Very Fast

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Tone Color/Timbre - Terminology and Components

• Instrument Families Instruments grouped by
  common characteristics
• Orchestral Instrument Families Woodwind, Brass,
  String, Percussion, Keyboard
• Anthropological Classification of Instruments
  Aerophones, Chordophones, Membranophones,
  Idiophones, Electrophones.

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Woodwind Instruments

• Flute
• Piccolo
• Clarinet
• Oboe
• English Horn
• Bassoon
• Contrabassoon
• Saxophone

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Brass Instruments

• Trumpet
• French Horn
• Trombone
• Tuba
• Baritone Horn
• Euphonium
• Sousaphone
• Cornet
• Bugle

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String Instruments

• Violin
• Viola
• Cello
• String Bass
• Guitar
• Banjo
• Mandolin
• Harp

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Percussion Instruments

• Snare Drum
• Bass Drum
• Timpani
• Triangle
• Xylophone
• Bells
• Chimes

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Keyboard Instruments

• Piano
• Organ
• Harpsichord
• Synthesizer Electronic Keyboard

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Anthropology Classifications

• Aerophones Sound produced by air.
• Chordophones Sound produced by string.
• Membranophones Sound produced by skins.
• Idiophones Sound performed by striking or
  shaking physical extension of the body.
• Electrophones Sound produced electronically.

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Form - Terminology and Components

• Binary Two sections.
• Ternary Three sections.
• AB Binary with 2 different sections.
• ABA Ternary with 2 different sections and then
  the first repeated at the end.
• Call and Response a soloist makes a statement
  and the group answers or responds together.

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Form - Terminology and Components

• Repeat Signs Symbols that indicate to the
  musician that something should be played or sung
  again.
• Round (Canon) - Performers sing or play the same
  melody entering at different times.
• Strophic Verse and Chorus. Verse is often new
  material each time while chorus is usually a
  repetition of the same thing after each verse.

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Form - Terminology and Components

• Through-Composed No repeated material in any
  part of the composition
• Rondo ABACABA 3 sections repeated in this
  pattern
• Others covered later in the course in style
  periods Mass, Chant, Motet, Opera, Symphony,
  Concerto, Theme and Variations.

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Dynamics - Terminology and Components

• Forte (f) loud
• Mezzo Forte (mf) moderately loud
• Fortissimo (ff) very loud
• Piano (p ) Soft
• Mezzo Piano (mp) moderately soft
• Pianissimo (pp) very soft

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Dynamics - Terminology and Components

• Crescendo gradually get louder
• Decrescendo gradually get softer
• Diminuendo get softer
• Sforzando (sfz) suddenly get louder
• Subito Piano suddenly get softer

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Style and Genre in Music

• Style Individual way elements are put together
  dictated by time period, composer, group, or
  culture.
• Genre Type or category of music.

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Genre in Music By no means all inclusive!

• Bluegrass
• Blues
• Country
• Folk
• Games
• Lullabies
• Marches
• Reggae
• Zydeco

• Patriotic
• Popular
• Rap
• Rock
• Spiritual
• Work Song
• Protest song
• Calypso
• Salsa

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VISUAL ARTS
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Elements and Components of Visual Art

• Elements of Art
• Principles of Design
• Styles
• Subject Matter
• Processes
• Media
• Purpose

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Elements of Art Basic parts of a work of art

• Color Caused by the amount of reflected light,
  hue.
• Form Unit that has length, width, and depth (3
  dimensions) such as a cube, pyramid, cone,
  sphere, or cylinder
• Line A mark that moves through space varying in
  length, width, direction, and color

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Elements of Art continued

• Shape Area enclosed by a line that has length
  and width (2 dimensional) such as a square,
  rectangle, triangle, or circle.
• Texture The way a surface looks or feels
  rough, smooth, prickly, furry, etc.
• Space - Area used by an art work.
• Value - Intensity of colors

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Color

• Color group a family of related hues warm,
  cool, neutral
• Cool colors greens, blues, and purples
• Warm colors yellows, oranges, and reds
• Neutral colors blacks, whites, browns, and
  grays.

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Color

• Primary Colors Hues from which all other colors
  are made red, yellow, and blue.
• Secondary colors Hues mixed from 2 primary
  colors Orange (red/yellow), Green
  (blue/yellow), and Purple (red/blue)

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Principles of Design Concepts that guide
artists in creation and organization of their
artwork

• Balance How elements are arranged to show a
  sense of weight.
• Radial - Balanced around a line.
• Symmetrical Equally balanced on either side of
  a central line or point.
• Asymmetrical - Unequally balanced on either side
  of a central line or point.

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Principles of Design continued

• Contrast An obvious difference between two
  things (light/dark, thick/thin, large/small)
• Emphasis Focal point or drawing attention to
  important areas or objects in a work.
• Pattern Repetition of line, shape, or color in
  a work of art.

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Styles

• Abstract Not realistic adds or subtracts
  details to create a personal design or view.
• Nonobjective Lines, shapes, and colors are the
  subject, No recognizable objects.
• Realistic Shows how something might really look
  such as a person, object, or scene.

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Subject Matter What the art work is about

• Portrait Person, Animal, or group of people
  Focus on face or faces.
• Landscape View of a natural outdoor scene such
  as a forest or fields.
• Still Life Depiction of an arrangement of
  inanimate objects.

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Processes - Methods of producing a work

• Collage Made with torn or cut fabric or paper.
• Drawing Made with dry media such as pencil or
  crayon.
• Painting made with wet media such as tempera,
  oil, or watercolor.
• Pottery Making objects with clay, hardened by
  firing in a kiln.

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Processes continued

• Sculpture Modeling, Carving, or joining of
  materials into a 3 dimensional form.
• Weaving Use of thread or yarn to produce cloth
  on a loom.

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Media Materials Used to Create Art

• Clay
• Crayon
• Fabric
• Metal
• Paint
• Paper

• Papier Mache
• Pencil
• Stone
• Wood
• Yarn
• Cloth

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Purpose - Reasons People Make Art

• Fine Art Meant to be observed, viewed, or
  admired.
• Decorative Art Embellishment of the surface of
  objects.
• Expressive Art Shows emotions or ideas.
• Practical Art (Functional) Meant to be used for
  a purpose
• Narrative Art Describes or illustrates
  experiences.

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DRAMA
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Drama Vocabulary

• Elements of Drama
• Elements of Production
• Elements of Performance
• Creative Dramatics
• Styles

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Elements of Drama Essential Components of a
Dramatic Production

• Dialogue A conversation between 2 or more
  characters to express thoughts, feelings, and
  action.
• Conflict The struggle between opposing forces,
  ideas, or interests.
• Monologue A long speech made by one person,
  often called a soliloquy.
• Plot or Storyline The plan of action or events
  of the story. A plot has a beginning, a middle,
  and an end.

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Elements of Production Aspects of a play
outside of the dramatic elements that aid in
telling the story.

• Costumes A style or characteristic of a
  particular country, period, or people and often
  worn in a play. Costumes also give information
  about
• Character, Setting, Time, Social status, and
  other important information relative to the plot.

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Elements of Production continued

• Make-up The production element, used on an
  actors body that reflects what the character
  should look like. Make-up is worn by characters
  on areas of the body that are visible to the
  audience (face, arms, legs)

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Elements of Production continued

• Music - Music is an element of production that
  often helps to create a mood or to add suspense.
• Props Any article, except costume or scenery,
  used as part of a dramatic production (e.g., a
  drinking glass, a purse, or a weapon)

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Elements of Production continued

• Role The characteristics and expected social
  behavior of an individual in a given position
  (mother, teacher, employer, employee).
• Scenery The painted backdrop or backgrounds on
  a theatrical stage that represent where a story
  or scene takes place.

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Elements of Production continued

• Sound Any sound, not made by an actor, used to
  help create the environment, to establish the
  mood, or to aide in telling the story (e.g.,
  thunder, forest sounds, street sounds)

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Elements of Performance Components Necessary to
Perform a Dramatic Work

• Acting Pretending to be a character.
• Character A person portrayed in a drama, novel,
  or other artistic piece.
• Listening Focusing on what is being said or
  acted out onstage and reacting to it.
• Movement How the actor uses his/her body to
  create a character or to react to another
  character.

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Elements of Performance continued

• Speaking Style The manner in which a character
  speaks reflecting cultural or historical
  influences.
• Storytelling The act of telling a story in the
  oral tradition.
• Vocal Expression The manner in which an actor
  uses his/her voice in a performance.

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Creative Dramatics a way of learning through
role playing and problem solving.

• Improvisation Creating a character or situation
  using movement and speech, without prior
  rehearsal.
• Mimicry The practice of imitating another
  person or action.
• Pantomime A situation where the performer uses
  only gestures, body language, or facial
  expressions to communicate feelings, emotions.
  Uses only physical movement and NO vocal sounds.

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Creative Dramatics continued

• Role-Playing Improvising movement and dialogue
  to put oneself in anothers place in a particular
  situation. This is often used to examine the
  person or situation being improvised.
• Storytelling The act of telling a story in the
  oral tradition.

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Styles A distinctive manner of dramatic
expression the way the dramatic and production
elements are put together.

• Folk Tales Any story or tale passed on
  traditionally and based on superstition or false
  beliefs.
• Myths Traditional stories dealing with
  supernatural beings, ancestors, or heroes.

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Styles continued

• Tragedy Portrays a story in which a hero
  (protagonist) has conflict with an antagonist,
  and a tragic flaw in the character of the hero
  causes his death or defeat.
• Comedy Light subject matter, often makes fun of
  human nature.
• Historical Portrays an actual event from
  history of life experience.

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DANCE
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Dance Vocabulary

• Dance Movement
• Elements of Dance
• Dance Forms
• Purposes

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Dance Movement Human Movement Combined with
Artistic Expression

• Movements Actions made by the body
• Locomotor Movements Actions of the body that
  cover space (e.g., walk, run, skip, hop, jump,
  slide, leap, and gallop).
• Nonlocomotor Movements Actions of the body that
  do not cover space (e.g., bend, stretch, twist,
  and swing).

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Elements of Dance The basic parts of dance
Space, Time, and Force

• Force The use of energy while moving.
• Space The area covered by dance movements
  (Directions, Level, Pathways, and Shape see
  next slide)
• Time How fast or slow (tempo), even or uneven
  (beat) and how long or short (duration) the
  movement is.

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Space Elements

• Direction Forward, backward, sideway, up, down,
  etc.
• Level Distance from the floor.
• Pathways Patterns that the body makes as it
  moves through space on the floor.
• Shape The design of the body as it exists in
  space.

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Dance Forms The Way Movements are Put Together

• Dance Composition A group of dance movements
  with a beginning, a middle, and an end.
• Expressive Qualities Ideas and emotions
  communicated by the movement patterns of a dance
  composition.

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Purposes of Dance The Reasons People Dance

• Artistic Dance Dances created and performed in
  order to convey a meaning.
• Ceremonial Dance Dances that are performed at
  celebrations (wedding dances) or ceremonies
  (Native American dances for hunting, war, rain,
  etc.)
• Recreational Dance Dances performed in a social
  setting (Folk, Line, etc. )

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Conclusion

• You are now ready to apply these elements to
  thought. How they are assembled stimulate and
  drive our emotions and minds.