Rome

1
Rome

• Rome was not built in a day but thats all the
  time we have to talk about it ?

Be in your seat by the time the bell rings.
2
Agenda

• Opener
• Article on the Etruscans with Questions
• Class work
• Lecture on Ancient Rome
• Highlights include
• The Republic
• Pompeii and the Cities of Vesuvius
• Early Empire
• High Empire
• Late Empire
• Exit Slip
• Identify the defining characteristics of the
  various phases of Roman Art

3
OpenerRead the article and answer the questions
above.

• 1) With whom did the history of Rome start?
• 2) When did the Etruscans take control of Rome?
• 3) How did the Etruscans Modernize or develop
  Rome?
• 4) How did the Etruscans introduce Greek
  influence to Rome?
• 5) Why was Rome able to shake off Etruscan rule?

4
Objectives

• Understand the distinctions of Roman history from
  the Etruscans through the Republic and the
  Empire.
• Be able to analyze how historical influences and
  Hellenistic society influenced the development of
  Roman art and architecture.
• Be able to identify periods of Roman art by
  citing specific aspects of artwork selected.

5
The Greek Legacy Roman Ideal
Rome

• inherited its culture from Greece
• was more effective in spreading Hellenistic
  Culture than Alexander the Great
• own achievements were in the fields of politics,
  law, and engineering

6
Etruscan Civilization

• Inhabited the Italian mainland
• Civilization dates from 700 BCE with peak at the
  Seventh and Sixth centuries
• Temples
• Much like the Greeks
• Tuscan order
• Doric order with addition of a base
• Steps only on one side
• Deep front porch
• Cella is divded into three rooms
• Tombs
• Two types
• Corbeled Domes covered with mounds of earth
• Rock cut chambers with rectangular rooms
• Tomb of the reliefs
• Designed to look like a home
• Wall images show weapons, armor, household items,
  and busts of the dead
• Sculpture
• Metal sculptures were produced and exported

7
Roman Republic History

• Why Rome?
• Midway btw Etruscans and Greeks- on the trade
  route
• Government Structure
• Founded by Romulus and Remus
• 509 BCE Republic
• Class distinctions
• Patricians
• Plebeians
• Patronage begins with this classification
• Constant conflict among these groups
• The Senate
• The Consilium Plebis
• In 287 BCE, laws passed became binding to all
  citizens
• Punic Wars estb. Rome with overseas empire
• Republic ended with Sulla as dictator from 82 to
  79 BCE. Julius Caesar than dictator, civil wars,
  and Augustus became emperor in 27 BCE.

8
Roman Republic Overview of Art

• Not merely a continuation of Greek art
• Sculpture and painting is realistic with
  emphasis on particulars- specific people, places,
  and times
• Continued until the influence of Christianity.

9
Roman Republic Architecture

• Adopted Greek orders but made modifications
• Doric Made taller, slimmer, given a base
• Composite order acanthus leaves of the
  Corinthian order were combined with the volutes
  of the Ionic order
• Used Corinthian the most, doric the least
• Engaged columns
• Columns attached to the wall.
• Concrete
• Ashlar Masonry
• Carefully cut stone blocks laid in horizontal
  courses
• Favored circular temples
• Concrete and faced with brick or stone

Temple of Vesta
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Roman Republic Architecture

• Aqueducts
• Brought water to all of Romes seven hills
• Pont Du Gard
• Series of arches
• Each arch is buttressed by the arches on either
  side of it.
• Water channel is at the top
• Lined with cement
• Flat stone slabs were placed on the top to
  eliminate debris

Pont du Gard
11
Roman Republic Sculpture
Portrait of a Roman

• Extensive use
• Subjects were individual people
• Particularly political figures
• Realism
• Brutal during this period
• Heightened by death mask process (imagines)
• Reflects the virtues seen in literature of the
  time
• seriousness, honesty, straight forwardness to life

A Roman Patrician with Busts of His Ancestors
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The Republic Painting

• Mural paintings show prosperity and tastes of the
  times
• True Frescos
• Wall prepared by applying plaster in several
  layers
• painted while wet
• wall was then polished to achieve marble like
  finish
• August Mau
• German art historian
• Responsible for Pompeian Style classification

13
The Republic Painting

• First Style
• Second Century BCE continues until 80 BCE
• Also called Masonry Style or Incrustation Style
• Objective imitate the appearance of marble slabs
• No figures and no attempt to give the illusion of
  3-dimensional spaces
• Shows Hellenization of Roman Architecture

14
The Republic Painting

• Second Style
• 80 BCE to 30 or 20 BCE
• Also called architectonic, architectural, or
  illusionistic.
• Objective actual architectural structures are
  used to create the illusion of an imaginary
  three-dimensional world
• Villa of the Mysteries

15
The Republic Painting

• Second Style
• Cubiculum at the Villa at Boscoreale
• Single point, linear perspective

16
The Republic Painting

• Third Style
• Late first century BCE to the mid-first century
  CE
• Also called ornamental or ornamented,
  capricious, candelabra, or classic
• Concern with decorative detail
• Shift corresponds to Augustus reign
• Objective
• To reinforce the confining spaces of the wall
• Emphasis placed on wall surface rather than
  illusionary depth
• Monochromatic walls
• Restricted to red, black, or white

17
The Republic Painting

• Third Style
• Villa at Boscotrecase

18
The Republic Painting

• Fourth Style
• Mid-first century CE or from the earthquake in 62
  CE to the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE.
• Most elaborate
• Known as composite, fantasy, or intricate.
• Technique is freer, sketchier, more
  impressionistic than previous styles
• Greater use of still life, mythological subjects,
  and landscape

19
The Republic Painting

• Fourth Style
• Room 78 of the Domus Aurea (Golden House) of Nero

20
The Empire History

• Caesar Augustus
• Pax Romana a period of peace and stability
• The art and literature of the period are regarded
  as the pinnacle of Roman Cultural accomplishment
  (Golden Age).
• Five good emperors
• Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Pius, and Aurelius
• Commodus
• Empire began to flounder
• Civil wars 25 Emperors murdered of 26 plagues
  barbarian invaders
• Diocletian and the Tetrarchy
• order restored by dividing empire into four
  sections with individuals controlling their
  portions
• Constantine
• Seized control of empire, moved capital to
  Byzantium
• Stopped persecution of Christians

21
The Empire Architecture

• The Roman Forum
• Forum Public area with markets, meeting places,
  and temples
• Center of city life
• Assemblies were held
• Justice was administered
• Markets were located
• temples
• Forum contains many fora (19)
• Symmetry and order dominated the fora
• But fora were combined chaotically

22
The Empire Sculpture

• Augustus of Primaporta
• Intended to glorify the emperor and Roman peace
  under his rule
• Idealization
• Homage to Greek nudity- feet
• Relief on Breastplate
• Refers to the Pax Romana
• Allusion to Venus
• Suggests Augustus divine heritage

23
The Empire Sculpture

• The Ara Pacis
• Altar is political propaganda for Augustus as the
  Prince of Peace
• Reliefs adorn the small rectangular building
• Imperial procession with Augusts and Livia
• Their wake follow the imperial household
• Converge towards the entrance
• Naturalism
• Depictions of people are varied
• Figures in the front are larger than the ones in
  the back and are carved with a higher relief
• Toes protrude

24
The Empire Architecture

• The Colosseum
• Amphitheater
• Theater at both ends requires the circular or
  oval plan
• Held over 50,000 people
• The Basics
• Supporting structure is concrete
• Exterior was travertine and tufa
• Entablatures separate the stories
• Engaged columns separate the arches
• Three orders are combined
• Lower level Tuscan order
• Second Ionic
• Third Corinthian

25
The Empire Sculpture

• Column of Trajan
• Columns erected to show military victory
• Topping
• Originally eagle, than Trajan, then St. Peter
• Column
• Continuous band of relief 656 ft. long
• Documents event First of Roman Wars against
  Dacia
• Second war Trajan completely destroyed the enemy
  
• 23 turns
• 150 scenes
• 2,500 figurines

26
The Empire Architecture

• The Pantheon
• Built between 118 and 125 CE under Hadrian
• Circular temple for all of the Gods
• Steps originally led up to the entrance
• Dome
• High base
• Height and diameter are the same- 144 ft
• Weight is concentrated on eight pillars
• Coffers
• Square-ish indentations once plated with gold and
  a bronze rosette
• Oculus
• Thirty feet across and source of light

27
The Empire Sculpture

• Portrait Head of Caracalla
• Roman emperor whose government gave everyone
  under the Empire civil rights
• Brutal soldier
• Brutality shown in sculpture
• Expression is stressed
• Gazes out to a definite point
• Anxiety shown
• Set Style for the third century where animated
  and broken silhouettes are emphasized

28
The Empire Sculpture

• Head of Constantine
• Spirituality of times
• Over eight ft. high
• 30 ft high seated sculpture
• Enormous scale rather than realism
• Placed in Basilica Nova
• Mystical and majestic
• Calm, capable, and composed shown by a sculpture
  that is self-glorifying and self-exalting

29

• Arch of Constantine

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The Empire Sculpture

• Arch of Constantine
• Commissioned by the Senate to celebrate
  Constantines victory over the emperor Maxentius.
• Giant triple arch next to the Colosseum
• Sculptures on the Arch
• Ornamentation taken from second-century CE
  monuments
• Figures altered to look like Constantine
• Medallions
• Carved under Hadrian-
• variety of levels of relief show depth
• Frieze below
• 4th century
• Disregard for the classical tradition
• No attempt to create space
• Figures arent united in common action
• No contrapposto stance
• Contrast btw naturalism of the medallions and the
  simplified distortions and absence of spatial
  illusionism in the frieze reveals major changes
  in Roman art.

31

• Arch of Constantine

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Exit Slip

• Objective To gain a better understanding of how
  Roman art developed over the course of the Empire
  by creating an Annotated Mural
• How
• Divide the paper into five sections
• Republic
• Early Empire
• High Empire
• Late Empire
• Conclusion
• Write phrases that summarize how historical
  events, characteristics of the time, influenced
  the development of art during that period.
• Draw images that summarize the characteristics of
  the art during that period

33
Exit Slip

• Objective
• Summarize the evolution of Roman Art
• Create an illustrated Evolution of Roman Art
  Timeline that uses one major architectural or
  visual art example to describe how art changed
  during that period of Roman history.
• Each period must have a visual example
• Periods that must be illustrated in the
  Evolution
• Republic
• Early Empire
• High Empire
• Late Empire

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The Evolution of Roman Art and Architecture
Historical events that inspired change
The Republic
The Early Empire
Major Cultural Periods that influenced the
development of Roman art
Specifically how this piece illustrates the
characteristics of the time
The Late Empire
The High Empire
35
The Empire Sculpture

• The Equestrian Statues of Marcus Aurelius