Revolutions in Latin America: 19c-Early 20c

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Latin American Revolutions 1800s
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European Empires in Latin America 1660s
Spain
France
Portugal
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Early Social Classin Latin America

• Colonial society was divided into six classes
  based on birth

• Peninsulares
• (men born in Spain)
• Creoles
• (Spaniards born in Latin America)
• Mestizos
• (mixed European Indian ancestry)
• Mulattos
• (mixed European African ancestry)
• Africans
• (majority enslaved)
• Indians
• (of little economic value)

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The Economy incolonial Latin America

• Economy based on the ideas of Mercantilism
• Africans American Indians used as slave labor
• Lands are used for natural resources
  (harvested/mined and traded)

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Causes of Latin AmericanRevolutions

1. Inspired by Enlightenment ideas
2. Creole discontent
3. Motivated by the successful American and French
   Revolutions.
4. Preoccupation of Spain Portugal in fighting in
   other wars (the Napoleonic Wars)
5. Economic policies benefited Europeans at the
   expense of the native Latin Americans

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EnlightenmentThinkers
New ideas about freedom, rights, and liberty!
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Creole Discontent
Want a voice in government and economy but are
not allowed due to birth!
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Inspiration of American French Revolutions
Declaration of the Rights of Man of the
Citizen, 1789
Declaration of Independence, 1776
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Preoccupation of Spain Portugal In Fighting
Napoleonic Wars
Provides a model a diversion!
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Latin American Revolutions!
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Toussaint LOuvetureLeads a Revolutionin
Haiti(1804)
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• First Colony to revoltHaiti
• Home Country French colony
• Date of Independence 1804
• Independence Leaders
• - Toussiant-Louverture (former slave)
• - Jean-Jaques Dessalines (Toussaints general)
• Haitian Independence
• 1791 slave revolt
• 1801 Toussaint seized 2/3 of Haiti (frees
  slaves)
• 1802 French troops arrive agreement made
• to stop revolution
• 1804 Dessalines starts revolution again and
• declares independence

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Argentina

• Home Country Spanish colony
• Date of Independence 1816
• Independence Leaders
• - Jose de San Martin (Spanish military
  officer)
• Argentiaian Independence
• 1816 Creole colonist rebel seize government
• 1816 Martin declares independence

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The Muscle of the Revolution
Bolivar coming from the North.
José de St. Martín and Bernard OHiggins cross
the Andes Mountains.
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Chile

• Home Country Spanish colony
• Date of Independence 1817
• Independence Leaders
• - Jose de San Martin (Spanish
  military officer)
• - Bernardo OHiggins (military officer)
• Chile Independence
• 1817 San Martin leads his army across the
• Andes into Chile
• 1817 Joins forces with OHiggins and defeat
• the Spanish and declare independence

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Simón Bolivar The Brainsof theRevolution

• Creole leader of the revolutions in Venezuela.
• Spent time in Europe and the newly-independent
  United States.

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• Home Country Spanish colony
• Date of Independence 1821/1822
• Independence Leaders
• - Simon Bolivar (Venezulan Creole/military
  general)
• Gran Columbia Independence
• 1811 Venezuela declares independence
• 1811-1821 Revolts against Spanish
• 1821 Bolivar wins independence
• 1821 Rebellion goes to Columbia, Ecuador,
• Panama
• 1822 Bolivar elected president the new
  nation
• called Gran Columbia established

Venezuela, Columbia, and Panama
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Bolivars Accomplishment
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Simón Bolivar Meets José de San Martin
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Bolivar San Martin Fight for Independence!
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Peru

• Home Country Spanish colony
• Date of Independence 1824
• Independence Leaders
• - Jose de San Martin (Spanish military officer)
• - Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan Creole/military
  general)
• Peruvian Independence
• 1821 San Martin takes army to Lima, Peru to
• drive out the remaining Spanish
• 1822 San Martin joins Bolivar/combines army
  
• 1822 San Martin leaves for Europe
• 1822 Carries rebellion to Columbia, Ecuador,
• and Panama
• 1822 Bolivar defeats Spanish at Battle of
  Ayacucho

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Bolivia

• Home Country Spanish colony
• Date of Independence 1825
• Independence Leaders
• - Simon Bolivar (Venezuelan Creole/military
  general)
• Bolivian Independence
• 1824 Bolivar drives out the remaining Spanish
• from Peru
• 1825 Upper Peru separates and names itself
• Bolivia (after Simon Bolivar)

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Bolivars Failure

• After uniting Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador into
  Gran Columbia, he left to help free the rest of
  Latin America
• He died a year later, with his goal of uniting
  all of South America unfulfilled!

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LatinAmerican StatesAfter the Revolutions
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Results of the Latin American Revolutions
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1.) Brazil Freed from Portugal

• The Portuguese royal family escaped Napoleon by
  fleeing to Brazil.
• Pedro I set up a new, independent kingdom in 1821
  when his father returned to Portugal.
• Pedro II assumed full power after Pedro I
  abdicated his throne.

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Brazil

• Home Country Portuguese colony
• Date of Independence 1822
• Independence Leaders
• - Dom Joao/King John(leader of Portugal)
• - Dom Pedro (son of King John)
• Brazillian Independence
• 1807 Prince John flees to Brazil to escape
  from
• Napoleon rules from Portugal
  (14 yrs)
• 1815 Napoleon defeated
• 1822 Brazilian creoles demand independence
• 1822 petition by Brazilians ask for Dom
  Pedro
• to rule Brazil King John agrees

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2.) Independence for Spanish Portuguese Latin
America

• By the mid-1820s, revolts create many
  newly-independent nations.
• Toussaint LOuveture Haiti
• Bolívar, San Martín, OHiggins in Paraguay,
  Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Bolivia, the
  United Provinces of Central America, and Gran
  Columbia!

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3.) No Unity!

• Failure of Bolivars dream for a united South
  America
• Civil wars erupt in many newly independent
  countries.
• By 1830s, geographic barriers (mts., the Amazon,
  etc.), vast distances, plus cultural differences
  defeated attempts at unification.
• Gran Columbia.
• United Provinces of Central America.

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4.) Independence Brought More Poverty

• The wars disrupted trade.
• The wars devastated the cities and the
  countryside.

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5.) Left Many Countries in the Control of
Caudillos

• WHO WERE THEY?
• Mid-19c military dictators
• Mostly wealthy creole aristocrats.
• Followed the fight for independence.
• Posed as reformers.
• BUTonce in power overthrew govt. took away
  basic human rights.
• Attempted improvements, but most just cared about
  themselves and their families and friends
  nepotism.
• Power changes usually occurred at bayonet-point
  coup detats!

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What is the Message?
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Additional Problems

1. Feuds among leaders.
2. Geographic barriers.
3. The social hierarchy continued from the past.
4. Conservatives favored the old social order.
5. Liberals wanted land reform.
6. Dependence on foreign nations for capital and for
   economic investments.

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The CaribbeanAn American Lake
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The Colossus of the North

• US dominated affairs in theAmericas.
• 1823 Monroe Doctrine.
• US takes Texas and Mexican Cession.
• US gains independence for Cuba.
• Roosevelt Corollary US will police the
  America.
• US sent troops to Cuba, Haiti, Mexico, Honduras,
  Nicaragua.
• US built Panama Canal Yankee imperialism.

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The Panama Canal
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Big Stick Foreign Policy
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Cause of the Mexican Revolution of 1910?
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Mexican Revolutionaries
EmilianoZapata
Pancho Villa
VenustianoCarranza
Francisco I Madero
Porfirio Diaz
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The Mexican Revolution

• Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and
  puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.
• Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano
  Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.
• The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz
  and Huerta fled the country.
• Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.

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Mexico

• Home Country Spanish colony
• Date of Independence 1821
• Independence Leaders
• - Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (priest)
• - Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon (rebel leader)
• - General Augustin de Ituribe (Creole officer)
• Mexican Independence
• 1810 Costilla leads rebellion against Spainish
• 1811 Costilla defeated and executed
• 1811 Pavon leads rebellion for next four years
• 1815 Iturbide defeats Pavon
• 1821 turns on Spanish over loss of rights
  makes
• peace with Pavon declares
  independence

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1913 Economic Imperialism?
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U. S. Global Investmentsin 1914