Respiration Physiology

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Respiration Physiology
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The Respiratory System

• Functions to supply the body O2 and remove CO2
• Respiration
• Ventilation
• Gas diffusion between alveoli and blood
• Transport of Gases in blood
• Gas diffusion between blood and tissue cells

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Respiratory System Functions

• Gas exchange
• Regulation of blood pH
• Voice production
• Olfaction
• Protection

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Respiratory System Divisions

• Upper tract
• Nose,
• pharynx
• Larynx
• Sinuses
• Lower tract
• trachea
• bronchi
• bronchiol
• Alveoli

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Nose

• Functions
• Passageway for air
• Defense
• - Filter and Clear the air particle
• - Secretion Ig, Interferons
• Humidifies
• warms air to body temprature
• Smell
• Along with paranasal sinuses are resonating
  chambers for speech

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sinuses
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Larynx

• Functions
• Maintain an open passageway for air movement
• Epiglottis and arytenoids prevent swallowed
  material from moving into larynx
• Vocal folds are primary source of sound
  production

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Tracheobronchial Tree
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MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE SYSTEM
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Secondary lobule (Acinus)
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Trachea
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Cross Sections of the Airways
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Resistance in the Airways
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Lung Nervous System

• Adrenergic airway muscle, vessels, glands
• ß2-adrenoceptors relaxation in airways
  (Bronchodilation)
• Cholinergic airway muscle, vessels, gland
• m3 receptors contraction
  (bronchoconstriction), Secretion in mucous
• Non Adrenergic- Non Cholinergic (NANC)
• - NANCi dynorphin and VIP
  Dilation in airways
• - NANCe SP
  Constriction in airways

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Periciliary Fluid By Ciliated Cells
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Structure of an Alveolus
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Lungs

• Two lungs Principal organs of respiration
• Right lung Three lobes
• Left lung Two lobes
• Divisions
• Lobes, bronchopulmonary segments, lobules

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Pulmonary circulation
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Ventilation
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Thoracic Walls Muscles of Respiration
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Thoracic Walls Muscles of Respiration
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Pleura

• Pleural fluid produced by pleural membranes
• Acts as lubricant
• Helps hold parietal and visceral pleural
  membranes together

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During Inspiration
Alveolar Pressure Changes
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Alveolar Pressure Changes
During Expiration
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Alveolar Pressure Changes

• Inspiration
• 0 -1 0
• Expiration
• 0 1 0

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Pleural pressure changes

• Inspiration
• -5 -7.5 (cmH2O)
• Expiration
• -7.5 -5 (cmH2O)

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Transpulmonary pressure (recoil)
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Compliance
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Compliance

• Comp
• P Transpulmonary pressure (Pleural Pressure)
• V Tidal volume

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Transpulmonary pressure (recoil)
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Surface Tension Surfactant

• Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) Ca2
  Surfactant Apoproteins (SP)
• Functions
• -
• - drying of the alveoli
• - Alveolar Stabilizing
• T4, cortisol, beta-adrenoceptors surfactant

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Laplaces law
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Respiratory (inspiration) Work

• W F .L
• 3-5 total body energy
• Respiratory work divided to three fractions
• 1- Compliance or elastic work 65
• 2- InelasticTissue (Viscous )resistance work 7
• 3- Airway resistance work 28

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65
7
28
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Pulmonary Volumes

• Tidal Volume (TV)
• Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
• Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
• Residual Volume (RV)

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Pulmonary Capacities

• Inspiratory Capacity (IC)TVIR
• Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)ERVRV
• Vital Capacity (VC) TVIRVERV
• Total Lung Capacity (TLC) TVIRVERVRV

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Spirometer and Lung Volumes/Capacities
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Minute and Alveolar Ventilation

• Minute Respiratory Volume (MRVRR.TV)
• Anatomic dead space (VDA)
• Physiological dead space
• Alveolar ventilation
• VA RR.(TV-VD)

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  (????? mmHg 2)
• ???? ?? ???? (wedge pressurs)

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54
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58
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mmHg8 ??????? ?? ?? ???? - ???? ?????-???????
?????? mmHg28
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61
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62
???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????

• ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????
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• - 78.62 ??????? mmHg
  597
• - 20.84 ??????
  mmHg 159
• - 0.04 ?? ????? ????
  mmHg 0.3
• - 0.50 ??
  mmHg 3.7
• 100
  mmHg 760

63
????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????

• ????
• ???? ?????? ???
• ???? ?????? ml/dL O2 0.003
• ???? ?????? ml/dL CO2 0.06
• ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ??????
  
• ?P ?????? ????
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64
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566 (74.5) 569 (74.9) 563.4 (74.09) 597 (78.62) ???????
120 (15.7) 104 (13.6) 149.3 (19.67) 159 (20.84) ??????
27 (3.6) 40 (5.3) 3/0 (0.04) 3/0 (0.04) ?? ????? ????
47 (6.2) 47 (6.2) 47 (6.20) 7/3 (0.5) ??
760 mmHg (100) 760 mmHg (100) 760 mmHg (100) 760 mmHg (100) ??
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????? ?????? ???? ??????
66
????? ???? ?? ???? ???? O2 ?? ?????? ??

• ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????
• - ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????
• - ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? O2 ?? ???

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????? ???? ?? ???? ???? CO2 ?? ?????? ??

• ???? ???? CO2?? ??????
• - ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????
• - ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? O2 ?? ???

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???? ??????
69
??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??

• VA/Q ????? 104O2 PA? 40CO2 PA
• ??? VA/Q ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ??
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  ?????? 40O2 P? 45CO2 P ????? ??.
• ??? VA/Q ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???
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  ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??
  ???. ???? ?? ?????? 149O2 P? 0CO2 P?????
  ??.

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??? ?????????? ? ???? ???? ??????????

• ??? ??????????
• - ?? ??? VA/Q lt nomal ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????
  ??????? ??????? ??? ???
• - ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???
  (VA/Q0.6)

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• ???? ???? ??????????
• - ????? VA/Q gt normal ???? ?????? ?? ??????
  ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??? ?? ???.
• - ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???
  (VA/Q2.5)

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??? O2 ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ????
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??????? ???? O2 ?? ???? ?????
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?????? O2 ?? ???????? ????? ?? ??????
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??? CO2 ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????
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?????? CO2 ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??
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??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????

• ?????? ?????? O2
• 97 ???? ???? Hb
• 3 ???? ????? ?? ??????

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????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????????
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????? CO ?? Hb
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?????? CO2 ?? ???
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???? ????? ????(DRG)

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???? ????? ????(VRG)

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  (??????? ????? ?????).

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????? ????? - ?????

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  ???? ??? ?? 5/1 ????) ???? ???
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• ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???.

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????? ??????? ????
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90
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