Inflammation and cellular responses

1
Tutorial 1

• Inflammation and cellular responses

2
Inflammation

• Is a protective response
• The bodys response to injury
• Interwoven with the repair process

3
Inflammation

• Types
• Acute (sec, mins, hrs)
• Chronic (days, weeks, months, yrs)

4
Causes of inflammation

• Bacterial
• Viral
• Protozoal
• Metazoal
• Fungal
• Immunological
• Tumours
• Chemicals, toxins etc
• Radiation

5
Acute inflammation
6
Inflammation

• The Cardinal Signs of Acute Inflammation
• RUBOR
• CALOR
• TUMOR
• FUNCTIO LAESA

7
Cardinal signs of inflammation
8
Cardinal signs of inflammation
9
Cardinal signs of inflammation
10
Cardinal signs of inflammation
11
Cardinal signs of inflammation
12
Cardinal signs of inflammation
13
Inflammation

• The basis of the five cardinal signs
• Increased blood flow due to vascular dilatation
  gives redness and heat.
• Increased vascular permeability gives oedema
  causing tissue swelling.
• Certain chemical mediators stimulate sensory
  nerve endings giving pain. Nerves also stimulated
  by stretching from oedema.
• Pain and swelling result in loss of function.

14
The process of inflammation
15
Components of acute and chronic inflammation
16
Local manifestations of acute inflammation
17
Leukocyte migration in inflammation
18
Molecules modulating endothelial-neutrophil
interactions
19
Chemical mediators of inflammation (local and
systemic)
20
Plasma proteases



21
The complement system
22
Arachidonic acid metabolites
HETE hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid HPETE
hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
23
Cytokines (IL-1 and TNF)
24
Nitric oxide (NO)
25
Effects of inflammation and their major mediators
Vasodilation Prostaglandins, NO Increased
vascular permeability Histamine, serotonin, C3a,
C5a, bradykinin, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4,
platelet activating factor Chemotaxis, leukocyte
activation C5a, lekotriene B4, bacterial
products, chemokines (IL-8) Fever IL-1, IL-6,
TNF, prostaglandins Pain Prostaglandins,
bradykinin Tissue damage Neutrophil and
macrophage lysosomal enzymes, oxygen
metabolites NO
26
Chronic inflammation
27
Cells of the chronic inflammatory response

• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes/ macrophages
• Plasma cells

28
Maturation of circulating monocytes to macrophages
29
Macrophage-lymphocyte interactions in chronic
inflammation
30
Granulomatous inflammation Bacterial TB,
Leprosy, Syphillis, cat-scratch
disease Parasitic Schistosomiasis Fungal Histo
plasma, blastomycosis, cryptococcus Inorganics,
metals, dusts Silicosis, berrylliosis Foreign
body Unknown Sarcoidosis
31
Granulomatous inflammation tissue effects
32
Healing and repair
33
The cell cycle
34
The major components of the extracellular matrix
(ECM) required for healing and repair
35
Major growth factors in wound healing
36
Critical steps in angiogenesis
37
Wound healing critical steps
38
Outcome of healing and repair