Chapter 1 Introduction - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

Chapter 1 Introduction

Description:

Chapter 1 Introduction * 3. When attempting to identify a skeleton, craniofacial morphology (the structure and form of the skull and face) is the best indicator of race. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:454
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 36
Provided by: NVR94
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Chapter 1 Introduction


1
Chapter 1Introduction
2
Definition
  • Application of science to criminal and civil laws
  • Application of science to those criminal and
    civil laws
  • Enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice
    system

INTRODUCTION
3
History and Development of Forensic Science
  • Important Names

4
History
  • Mathieu Orfilathe father of forensic toxicology.
  • Alphonse Bertilliondevised the first scientific
    system of personal identification in 1879.
  • Francis Galtonconducted the first definitive
    study of fingerprints and their classification.

INTRODUCTION
5
History
  • Leone Lattesdeveloped a procedure to determine
    blood type from dried bloodstains.
  • Calvin Goddardused a comparison microscope to
    determine if a particular gun fired a bullet.
  • Albert Osborndeveloped the fundamental
    principles of document examination.

INTRODUCTION
6
Figure 11   Bertillons system of bodily
measurements as used for the identification of an
individual. Courtesy Sirchie Finger Print
Laboratories, Inc., Youngsville, N.C.,
www.sirchie.com.
7
History
  • Walter McCroneutilized microscopy and other
    analytical methodologies to examine evidence.
  • Hans Grosswrote the first treatise describing
    the application of scientific principles to the
    field of criminal investigation.

INTRODUCTION
8
History
  • Edmond Locardincorporared Gross principles
    within a workable crime laboratory.
  • Locards Exchange Principlestates that when a
    criminal comes in contact with an object or
    person, a cross-transfer of evidence occurs.

INTRODUCTION
9
The Crime Lab
  • Rapid growth
  • Lack of national and regional planning and
    coordination.
  • Approximately 350 public crime laboratories

INTRODUCTION
10
The Crime Lab
  • Result of
  • Supreme court decisions in the 1960s
  • Greater emphasis on scientifically evaluated
    evidence
  • Drug specimens
  • Accelerated drug abuse
  • DNA profiling

INTRODUCTION
11
Employment Outlook
  • Increased reliance by police agencies on civilian
    personnel
  • Highly-sophisticated scientific analysis of
    evidence
  • DNA databank of convicted offenders (state
    national)
  • Re-opening of old cases

12
Crime Lab Organization
13
Five Basic Services
  • Physical science unit
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
  • Geology
  • Identify and compare physical evidence
  • Biology unit
  • Blood samples
  • Body fluids
  • Hair
  • Fiber samples

INTRODUCTION
14
Five Basic Services
  • Firearms Unit
  • Discharged bullets
  • Cartridge cases
  • Shotgun shells
  • Ammunition
  • Document unit
  • Handwriting analysis
  • Other questioned-document

INTRODUCTION
15
Technical Support
  • Photographic Unit
  • Specialized photographic techniques
  • Record and examine physical evidence
  • Optional services
  • Toxicology
  • Fingerprint analysis
  • Voiceprint analysis
  • Evidence collection
  • Polygraph administration

INTRODUCTION
16
Functions of the Forensic Scientist
17
Job Activities analysis
  • Biological and physical analysis of evidence
    gathered from a crime or accident scene
  • Judicial generally accepted (Frye v. US)
  • Trial judge as gatekeeper

18
Job Activities testimony
  • Court testimony
  • Expert witness
  • Evaluation of evidence
  • Opinion offered
  • No absolute certainty

19
The Frye Standard
  • Set guidelines for determining the admissibility
    of scientific evidence into the courtroom
  • Must be generally accepted by the scientific
    community

INTRODUCTION
20
Daubert Criteria
  • Technique/theory tested
  • Peer reviewed
  • Rate of error
  • Standards for operation
  • Widespread acceptance within scientific community

21
Job Activities training
  • Training in recognition, collection and
    preservation of evidence
  • Agencies without 24/7 evidence techs
  • Officers trained

22
Special Forensic Science Services
INTRODUCTION
23
Additional Specialization
  • DNA analysis
  • Human
  • Non human
  • Criminalistics
  • Latent prints
  • Pollen
  • Arson
  • Engineering sciences
  • Physical anthropology
  • Psychiatry
  • Pathology
  • Odontology
  • Toxicology
  • Entomology
  • Geology
  • Jurisprudence

24
Figure 18  Typical blowfly life cycle from egg
deposition to adult fly emergence. This cycle is
representative of any one of the nearly ninety
species of blowflies in North America. Courtesy
E. P. Catts, Ph.D., deceased, and Neal H.
Haskell, Ph.D., forensic entomology consultant
www.forensic-entomology.com.
25
Forensic Pathology
  • Investigation of unnatural, unexplained, or
    violent deaths
  • Medical examiners or coroners
  • Determines cause of death
  • Conducts autopsy

INTRODUCTION
26
Stages Of Death
  • Rigor mortis
  • Shortening of muscle tissue
  • Stiffening of body parts in the position at death
  • First 24 hours to 36 hours post mortem

INTRODUCTION
27
Stages Of Death
  • Livor mortis
  • Settling of blood in areas of the body closest to
    the ground
  • Begins immediately on death and continues up to
    12 hours

INTRODUCTION
28
Stages Of Death
  • Algor mortis
  • Loss of heat by a body
  • Begins about an hour after death
  • Loses heat by 1 to 1-1/2 degrees fahrenheit per
    hour until the body reaches the environmental
    temperature

INTRODUCTION
29
Summary
30
Questions
  • 1. Ted Bundy was an American serial killer who
    was convicted on the basis of which type of
    forensic evidence?
  • A. Bite marks C. DNA fingerprinting
  • B. Latent fingerprints D. Ballistics

31
Answer 1
  • 1. Ted Bundy was an American serial killer who
    was convicted on the basis of which type of
    forensic evidence?
  • A. Bite marks
  • B. Latent fingerprints
  • C. DNA fingerprinting
  • D. Ballistics

32
  • 2. The time of death can be calculated by various
    means. One is rigor mortis, Latin for 'the
    stiffness of death'. Another indication is livor
    mortis or lividity. What does this term refer to?
  • A. Cloudiness in the eyes
  • B. Gravitational pooling of blood
  • C. Degree of digestion of stomach contents
  • D. Relaxation of muscles following to rigor
    mortis

33
Answer 2
  • 2. The time of death can be calculated by various
    means. One is rigor mortis, Latin for 'the
    stiffness of death'. Another indication is livor
    mortis or lividity. What does this term refer to?
  • A. Cloudiness in the eyes
  • B. Gravitational pooling of blood
  • C. Degree of digestion of stomach contents
  • D. Relaxation of muscles following to rigor
    mortis Livor is Latin for 'a black and blue spot'
    and refers to the discoloration of the skin in
    the lowest part of a body resulting from the
    gravitational pooling of blood.

34
  • 3. When attempting to identify a skeleton,
    craniofacial morphology (the structure and form
    of the skull and face) is the best indicator of
    race. One group of human beings has a unique,
    rounded jaw bone which is called a 'rocker jaw'.
    This is a characteristic of which ethnic group?
  • A. Australian Aborigines C. African Americans
  • B. Chinese D. Hawaiians

35
Answer 3
  • 3. When attempting to identify a skeleton,
    craniofacial morphology (the structure and form
    of the skull and face) is the best indicator of
    race. One group of human beings has a unique,
    rounded jaw bone which is called a 'rocker jaw'.
    This is a characteristic of which ethnic group?
  • A. Australian Aborigines C. African Americans
  • B. Chinese D. Hawaiians
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com