MR. LIPMAN

1
MR. LIPMANS APUS HISTORY POWERPOINT CHAPTERS
20-22

• THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION

2
KEYS TO THE UNIT

• Ft. Sumter and the start of the war
• Border States
• Foreign Nation Issues
• Draft Issues
• Greenbacks and Monetary Issues
• The Battles
• Reconstruction

3
Ft. Sumter and the Start of the War

• Lincoln inauguration March 4th, 1861 insists
  that there cannot be two nations
• Ft. Sumter is important is running out of
  supplies.
• Lincoln informs south he is sending supplies but
  no military items
• South attacks anyway on April 12th, no one dies
  except a horse

4

• The Norths reaction to the fall of Fort
• Rallied North against the South
• Lincoln called for 75,000 troops gets them
• Lincoln orders blockade of Southern ports
• The South responds to the call for troops
• See this as an aggressive attack on South
• 4 more states (Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee,
  North Carolina) join original 7 in Confederacy
• Richmond, Virginia became capital

5
Seceding States
6
Border States are the Key

• Lincoln must keep four key border states
• 1.Missouri
• 2. Kentucky
• 3. Maryland
• 4. Delaware
• Later W. Virginia will split away from Virginia
  and join the Union.

7

• Dealing with the Border States
• Lincoln declared martial law in Maryland and sent
  in federal troops
• Ex Parte Milligan ruling (civilian courts
  required) will go against Lincoln but to late to
  matter
• Lincoln declared North was fighting to keep Union
  together, not against slavery

8
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

• South only had to fight defensively and had
  higher moral and enthusiasm for war
• South has greater/better generals
• North has greater economy
• North has more people
• North has greater industrialized power
• North controls the seas and coast line

9
Population and Economic Resources of the Union
and the Confederacy, 1861
10
Foreign National Issues

• South wanted help from Britain or France
• Elites in Britain and France were openly
  supportive of South
• Working classes in Britain and France strongly
  favored North
• Wanted abolition believed that if North won,
  slavery would be abolished

11

• Britain depended on South for 75 of their
  cotton but doesnt need all their cotton
• Large shipments in 1857 1860 gave Britain
  surpluses that lasted first 1 1/2 years of war
• India became a larger provider of cotton in 1857
• By time surpluses ran out, Lincoln had announced
  emancipation, putting English working class
  firmly behind North
• North sent wheat and corn to England
• North had plentiful harvests Britain had series
  of bad harvests and If England broke Northern
  blockade, US would cut off shipments of corn and
  wheat

12

• Late 1861 the Trent affair
• Union ship stopped a British ship and arrested 2
  Confederate diplomats going to Europe
• Angry British prepared for war but slow
  communications allowed passions to cool down
• Lincoln released the 2 prisoners (One war at a
  time)
• British-built Confederate commerce raiders
• British laws allowed the ships to be built in
  England, sail away unarmed, and then pick up guns
  later
• Alabama was most famous captured over 60 US
  merchant marine ships before being sunk in 1864
• Over 250 US ships captured by raiders

13

• Mexico
• 1863 Napoleon III (France) occupied Mexico and
  put Maximilian into power
• Flagrant violation of Monroe Doctrine
• Napoleon had hoped that US would lose war and be
  unable to stop France
• 1865 US threatened war against France if French
  did not withdraw
• Napoleon withdrew French Army Maximilian
  overthrown and killed

14
President Davis Versus Lincoln

• Davis as a leader
• Stubborn leader who sometimes defied public
• Micromanaging every detail of war
• Had to deal with STATE RIGHTS CONFEDERATES who
  often refused to help confederacy outside of
  their own states

15

• Lincoln as leader had problems, but less serious
  than Davis
• North had recognized and legitimate government
• Lincoln was quiet and patient, yet firm
• Demonstrated charity to South and forgiveness to
  attacks from opponents in the North
• Lincoln went around some provisions of
  Constitution to keep the United States united
• Congress generally confirmed Lincolns actions
• Lincolns increases in authority were only to
  continue as long as war continued

16
THE DRAFT ISSUES

• Northern army at first was volunteer
• States had quota based on population
• 1863 Congress passed first national
  conscription (draft) law
• Unfair to poor rich could pay 300 for exemption
  
• 1863 draft riot in New York City
• Poor and anti-black (Irish) rioted against the
  draft and killed black citizens

17

• 90 of Union soldiers were volunteers
• Toward end of war, bounties (up to 1,000) paid
  to volunteers
• bounty jumpers would enlist, get the bounty,
  desert, and then re-enlist
• About 200,000 deserted from Union army (not only
  bounty jumpers)

18

• South at first also relied on volunteers
• Had to resort to draft 1 year earlier than Union
  (April 1862)
• Willing to take almost anyone, including young
  and old (17 50)
• Confederate draft very unjust
• Rich could hire a substitute or purchase an
  exemption
• Slave owners or overseers with 20 or more slaves
  could claim exemption
• Many poor, Southerners felt they were fighting so
  rich could keep slaves
• a rich mans war but a poor mans fight

19
The Economic Issues

• Taxation
• Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol
• Income tax levied for first time by Congress
• Tariffs
• 1861 Morrill Tariff Act passed
• - Raised tariffs 5 to 10, to gain revenue
• Tariffs continued to go up as war costs increased
  Republican Party becomes recognized as party of
  big business

20

• Paper money
• Greenbacks printed (450 million)
• Not backed by gold so no constant value
• lead to large inflation issues
• Borrowing
• 2.6 billion raised (net) through sale of bonds
• Treasury sold bonds through private banking house
  of Jay Cooke and Company

21

• National Banking System Passed in 1863
• Purpose to stimulate sale of government bonds and
  establish standard bank-note currency
• (to replace different worthless notes issued by
  different banks)
• Banks would purchase government bonds and then
  issue money backed by the bonds
• A 10 tax was placed on notes issued by state
  banks to tax them out of existence
• First unified banking network since Jackson
  killed the Bank of the US in 1836
• Lasted until 1913 when FED established

22

• SOUTH HAS HUGE ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
• 400 million in Confederate bonds sold
• States righters opposed direct taxation
• Only 1 of CSAs revenue came from taxes
• Confederate paper dollar
• Printed without backing
• Runaway inflation (9,000) over course of war
  Confederate dollar worth only 1.6 cents when war
  ended

23

• NORTH EXITS WAR RICHER THAN IT STARTED
• New Factories and technology improvements
• 1859 oil discovered in Pennsylvania
• 300,000 pioneers continued to move West
• Free land under Homestead Act of 1862 and desire
  to avoid draft led many to go West
• Only major industry to be hurt during war was
  ocean trade
• Because of Alabama and other Confederate raiders

24

• Opportunities for women during the war
• Women moved into industrial jobs to make war
  supplies (especially sewing uniforms and shoes)
• Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1st female doctor)
• Trained nurses, collected medical supplies for
  hospitals
• Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix trained nurses
• Sally Tompkins (in South) ran infirmary for
  wounded Confederate soldiers

25
THE BATTLES OF THE WAR

• North (and South) expected a quick war
• Thus Lincoln only called for 90 day volunteers
• Summer 1861 Union soldiers at Washington move
  to attack smaller Confederate army at Bull Run
  (Manassas Junction), 30 miles south in Virginia
  July 1861
• If Union successful strength would be
  demonstrated and Union could move to Richmond

26

• Effects of Bull Run
• Souths victory increased overconfidence
• Soldiers believed war was over
• Enlistment rates decreased preparations for
  long-term war slowed
• Andrew Stonewall Jackson earns his nickname
• Norths defeat was better (long-term) for the
  Union
• Ended belief that war would be over quickly
• Caused Northerners to prepare for long war
• Congressman embarrassed by retreat

27

• Late 1861 Gen. George B. McClellan given
  command of Army of the Potomac (main army)
• Excellent organizer and drillmaster
• Extremely cautious
• Lincoln would grow impatient with his refusal to
  ever attack
• June 26 July 2, 1862 Seven Days Battles
• General Lee counterattacked McClellan, driving
  Union back to sea
• Lincoln relieved McClellan of command
• Campaign was not total failure, since South had
  lost 20,000 men, to Unions 10,000

28

• Union turned to 6-part strategy of total war
• Suffocate South by blockading its ports
• Free the slaves to undermine economy
• Cut Confederacy in 1/2 by control of M. River
• Cut Confederacy into small pieces
• Take Confederate capital at Richmond
• Engage the enemy everywhere

29

• Merrimack vs. the Monitor
• 1862 South rebuilt old US warship (the
  Merrimack) used old iron rails to plate its
  sides ship renamed the Virginia
• March 9, 1862 Monitor (a small Union iron ship)
  fought Merrimack to standstill
• Confederates destroyed Merrimack to keep it from
  being captured by Union

30

• August 29/30, 1862 Second Battle of Bull Run
• Lee attacks and defeats boastful Gen. Pope
• -Over confidence by Lee would have him march
  North to Maryland and the battle of Antietam in
  hopes of forcing a peaceful resolution with
  North, securing foreign assistance, and having
  those in Maryland rise up and join him but plan
  will fail

31
Antietam

• September 17, 1862 Antietam Creek, MD.
• Northern soldiers found a copy of Lees battle
  plans wrapped around 3 cigars dropped by mistake
• McClellan stopped Lees advance on the bloodiest
  day of the war (3,600 dead on both sides, over
  20,000 wounded)
• McClellan relieved of command for not pursuing
  Lees retreating army

32
Dead Soldiers after Antietam
33

• Importance of Antietam
• Most decisive battle of Civil War South had come
  very close to victory but loss proves costly
• British and French governments remain neutral
• Lincoln finally ready to issue emancipation
  proclamation after a victory
• Said that on Jan. 1, 1863 would issue
  final proclamation
• Did not actually free any slaves
• Declared forever free slaves in Confederate
  states not conquered by Union
• Did not affect slaves in Border States or areas
  of South the Union had conquered
• Feared emancipation would cause disunion in
  Union-controlled areas if carried out fully

34

• Effect of Emancipation Proclamation
• Moral cause of the North strengthened
• Souths moral position weakened
• Showed that slavery was over in all of South when
  North won the war
• Changed nature of the war because there was no
  chance of negotiation to end the war
• Southern reaction to the Proclamation
• Lincoln trying to cause slave insurrection

35

• Northern reaction to the Proclamation
• Moderate abolitionists praised Lincoln
• Radicals believed he did not go far enough
• Many Northerners believed he had gone to far
• Fall 1862 elections went against Republicans
  (although they kept control of Congress)
• Desertions in Union army increased soldiers
  (especially from Border States) fought to
  preserve the Union, not free slaves

36

• Union took blacks in Army as white numbers ran
  low but originally had not let them fight
• Whites in North and South protest black service
  but 180,000 blacks did serve
• Allowed blacks to fight for slaves freedom and
  strengthen their claim to full citizenship at end
  of war
• Black resistance in the South
• Fear of rebellion forced many white home guards
  to stay in South

37

• General Burnside replaced McClellan after
  Antietam
• December 13, 1862 Fredericksburg, Va.
• Burnside launched frontal assault on Lees
  entrenched position and 10,000 Union casualties
  lead Lincoln to
• relieve Burnside with Fighting Joe Hooker
• May 2 4, 1863 Chancellorsville, Va.
• Union army defeated
• Costly for Lee because Jackson mistakenly killed
  by his own men that evening
• Hooker relieved of command General George G.
  Meade put in command of Union Army

38
The Road to Gettysburg, December 1862July 1863
and Lees Last Hope for end to war
39

• July 1 3, 1863 Gettysburg
• Battle went back and forth over 3 days
• Gen. George Picketts charge against Union lines
  driven back, breaking Confederate advance,
  forcing Lee to retreat
• Importance of Gettysburg
• Confederate peace delegation (moving toward
  Washington from south, while it was hoped
  victorious Confederate Army advanced on
  Washington from north) rejected by Lincoln
• Final chance for Southern victory South fought
  lost cause for 2 more years

40

• November 19, 1863 Gettysburg Address
• 2-minute address (following 2 hour address by a
  former president of Harvard -Evert)
• Not appreciated at the time now seen as one of
  the greatest speeches in US history
• Purpose that day was to create a national
  park/burial ground for all the dead still there
• FOUR SCORE AND SEVEN YEARS AGO

41
Victories in West brings Grant to Lincoln

• Grants background
• Mediocre student at West Point
• Had fought in Mexican War
• Stationed in isolated western posts
• Boredom and loneliness drove Grant to drinking
• Grant still drank, but Lincoln refused to punish
  him because of his successes

42

• April 6 7, 1862 Shiloh
• Grant attempted to capture Corinth, Mississippi
• Confederate force stopped Grant at Shiloh, just
  across Tennessee border from Corinth
• Showed that war in West would not be won quickly
  or easily
• Lincoln refused to remove Grant after loss
• I cant spare this man he fights.
• July 4, 1863 Vicksburg (Mississippi)
• General Grant laid siege to city for several
  months, starving out the city
• Confederates inside ate rats and mules to survive
  
• Vicksburg surrendered to Grant day after
  Confederate defeat at Gettysburg

43
The Mississippi River and Tennessee1862-63
44
General William Tecumseh Sherman

• Conquest of Georgia
• September 1864 Atlanta captured
• November 1864 Atlanta burned
• -Nov. Dec. 1864 March to the sea
• 60K Union soldiers lived off the land
• Union burned buildings, railroads and destroyed
  all
• Waris all hell (Sherman)
• Purpose was to destroy supplies and morale of
  South

45
Sherman's March 1864-65
46

• Dec. 1864 April 65 Sherman turns north to
  South Carolina and North Carolina
• South Carolina blamed for provoking war (first
  state to secede)
• Destruction in South Carolina even worse than in
  Georgia
• Forty Acres and a Mule order was not approved
  by Lincoln and would be rescinded after the war

47
The Politics of War

• Republicans in North divided before election of
  1864 and Lincoln faces challenges
• Radicals, including Secy. of Treasury Salmon
  Chase Questioned Lincolns abilities as
  commander-in-chief and commitment to abolition
• Democrats in North even more dangerous than
  Republicans but were very divided

48

• War Democrats
• Supported Lincoln and the war
• Peace Democrats
• Did not support the war
• Copperheads
• Named for poisonous snake
• Radicals who opposed the war and openly
  sympathized with the South
• Attacked the draft, Lincoln, and emancipation
• Strong in Southern Ohio, Illinois, Indiana

49
The Election of 1864

• Lincoln depended on his defeating the Peace
  Democrats and Copperheads
• Republicans joined with War Democrats to form the
  Union Party (in existence for only that election)
  to gain more votes and support
• Republican Party not on ballot in South

50
The Election of 1864

• Vice-presidential nominee Andrew Johnson
• War Democrat from Tennessee and small slave owner
  
• On ticket to gain Democratic votes from War
  Democrats and Border States
• Democrats nominate Gen. George McClellan

51
(No Transcript)
52

• Late 1863 Grant takes command
• Meade removed for not pursuing Lee
• Grants strategy was to attack on all fronts
• Led to bloody and brutal warfare, but ended war
• Northern public opinion turned against Grant
  after bloody losses in 1864 but Lee actually to
  blame for much of it.
• Lees loss rate double that of Grants

53

• April, 1865 North captured Richmond and on the
  9th Lee surrenders at Appomattox Court House in
  Virginia
• Lincoln traveled to Richmond right after
  surrender
• Recognized by freed slaves as their emancipator
• Some small battles continue until word is spread

54

• Good Friday, April 14, 1865
• Lincolns assassination
• 5 days after Lees surrender
• John Wilkes Booth, a pro-Southern actor
• Lincoln died the next morning
• Seward also attacked but survives
• Johnson a target but he avoids attack
• Impact of Lincolns death
• Lincolns faults minimized he became hero
• His death was a disaster for much of the South
• He was moderate and reasonable, would have led
  Reconstruction better than Johnson could

55
The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
56
The Escape of John Wilkes Booth
57
The Results of the War

• Federal Government begins to grow in size at
  expense of State power
• Casualties of war
• 600K men died and 400K were wounded
• More Americans killed than any other war America
  will be involved in.
• Monetary cost
• 15 billion in direct costs
• More money needed for continuing expenses
  (pensions, interest on national debt)

58
Civil War Deaths Compared to U.S. Deaths in Other
Wars
59
4 Questions of Reconstruction (1865-1877)

• How would the South be rebuilt?
• How would liberated blacks fare as free men and
  women?
• How would the Southern states be reintegrated
  into the Union?
• Who would direct the process of Reconstruction
  the Southern states, the president, or Congress?

60

• Southerners after the war
• Planter aristocracy humbled temporarily
• Gutted and burned mansions, lost investments,
  worthless land
• Slaves (primary wealth) were gone
• Remained defiant and angry
• Viewed D.C. as separate government
• Believed secession was right
• Planters resisted end to slavery until state
  legislatures or Supreme Court declared
  emancipation was the law

61

• Black churches become important
• Provide aid and assistance to blacks in need
• Blacks had always been denied education
• Freedmen raised money to buy land, build
  schoolhouses, and hire teachers
• Demand too great for supply so Northern
  volunteers and federal government provide
  education

62

• Freedmens Bureau created by Congress in March,
  1865
• Purpose to provide food, clothing, medical care,
  education to freedmen and whites
• Headed by Gen. Oliver O. Howard
• Later founded black Howard University even though
  he was white
• Successes and failures ended in 1872
• Taught 200,000 blacks to read
• Failed to deliver promised 40 acres to blacks
• Conspired with planters to get blacks to sign
  work contracts

63
Andrew Johnson as President

• Johnsons background
• Born poor and never attended school
• Taught himself to read and do simple math
• Active in politics in Tennessee
• Refused to secede with Tennessee
• Appointed governor of Tennessee when the state
  was redeemed by Northern army
• 1864 Johnson ran with Lincoln as vice president
  to gain support from War Democrats

64
Presidential Reconstruction

• Lincolns 10 percent plan (1863)
• Believed South never legally left the Union
• A state could be reintegrated into Union when 10
  of its voters in the presidential election of
  1860 took an oath of allegiance to US
• Then formal state government would be established
  
• Then president would recognize the new government
• Congress, especially as it gains more radical
  republicans , will be against this.

65

• Congresss reaction to the 10 percent plan
• Republicans feared restoration of planter
  aristocracy
• 1864 Wade-Davis Bill passed
• 50 of a states voters had to take oath of
  allegiance for states to be readmitted to Union
• Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln
• Angry Republicans refused to seat Louisiana
  delegation to Congress (that had reorganized its
  government, following Lincolns plan)

66

• Differences between president Congress
• Congress says the seceding states had left the
  Union and had given up all rights as states
• Could only be readmitted as conquered provinces
  under conditions outlined by Congress
• President believed that none of the rebelling
  states had never left the Union officially and
  thus could be easily restored to their former
  positions
• REPUBLICANS WANT TO INSURE THEIR CONTINUED POWER
  IN CONGRESS AND THUS MUST LIMIT RETURN OF
  SOUTHERN DEMOCRATS AND INSURE THAT BLACKS CAN
  VOTE SINCE THEY WILL VOTE REPUBLICAN

67

• May 29, 1865 Johnson issued his own plan
• Disenfranchised leading Confederates and those
  with over 20,000 in taxable property (although
  they could petition to him for pardons)
• Special state conventions would repeal ordinances
  of secession, repudiate Confederate debts, and
  ratify 13th amendment
• Late 1865 Confederate states moved to carry out
  Johnsons plan
• Johnson enjoyed having planters begging for
  pardons but Republicans angered over lack of
  fundamental change in new states

68

• Black codes passed by new state governments in
  South as they are brought into Union under
  Johnsons plan
• Designed to regulate lives of freed blacks
• Blacks forbidden to serve on juries
• Prohibited blacks from renting or leasing land
• idle blacks can be forced to serve on chain
  gang
• No blacks were allowed to vote

69

• Sharecropping
• Poor, uneducated blacks (and some whites) with no
  capital, became sharecroppers
• Rented land from owners, borrowed money for seed
  and tools, and paid off rent and loans at harvest
  time
• Few sharecroppers ever got out of debt or paid
  off rent, leading to cycle of debt and poverty

70
Sharecroppers
71

• December 1865 Congressional delegations from
  newly formed Southern states came to Washington,
  DC
• Many former Confederate leaders
• South had voted for their experienced political
  leaders, who also had led South during rebellion
• Republican reaction to Souths congressional
  delegation
• Angry that ex-Confederates to be back in office
• Dont want Southern Democrats back into US too
  quickly since they would challenge balance of
  power

72

• Clash between Congress and Johnson inevitable
• February 1866 Johnson vetoed extension of
  Freedmans Bureau (later passed over his veto)
• March 1866 Congress passed Civil Rights Bill
• Gave blacks citizenship and attacked black codes
• Johnson vetoed the bill, but Congress again
  passed it over his veto

73
Johnson Vetoing the Freedman's Bureau, Kicking a
Dresser Full of African Americans Down the Steps
74

• 14th Amendment
• Passed to write principles of Civil Rights bill
  into Constitution
• Gave civil rights (including citizenship) to
  blacks
• Reduced representation of a state in Congress and
  Electoral College if it denied vote to blacks
• Former Confederate officers and leaders
  disqualified from federal and state offices
• Guaranteed the federal debt repudiated
  Confederate debts
• Radicals refused to allow former Confederate
  states back into Union without ratifying the
  amendment all but Tennessee refused to do so

75
Elections of 1866

• Johnson campaigned in support of his easy
  re-admission strategy but he losses and is
  ridiculed
• Republicans now have veto-proof Congress and
  control of Reconstruction policy
• Radicals and moderate Republicans disagree on how
  to carry out Reconstruction

76

• Radical Republicans
• Led in Senate by Charles Sumner
• Thaddeus Stevens led Radicals in House
• Wanted to change South (economically and
  socially) using federal power
• Tried to keep South out of Union as long as
  possible to allow Republicans to change South
• Moderate Republicans
• More sympathetic to views of states rights
• Wanted to restrain states from abridging
  citizens rights but avoid federal government in
  peoples lives

77
The Anti-Freedmen Riot in New Orleans, 1866
showed need for military occupation
78
Reconstruction by Sword not the vote

• March 2, 1867 Reconstruction Act
• Divided South into 5 military districts
• Each district under command of a general
• 20K troops sent to enforce federal power
• Temporarily disenfranchised tens of thousands of
  former Confederates
• ACT PUSHED BY THE RADICAL REPUBLICANS

79

• Congresss conditions for readmission
• States required to ratify 14th Amendment
• State constitutions had to guarantee full voting
  rights for black males
• Influenced by moderates, did not give freedmen
  land or education 15th Amendment
• Passed because Radicals feared Southern
  constitutions could be amended after
  re-admittance to take vote away from blacks
• Passed by Congress in 1869 ratified in 1870

80

• By 1870 all states had been readmitted into
  Union with full rights
• Federal troops removed when Republican
  governments (in South) seemed firmly in power
• But when troops left South returned to white
  Democratic governments
• Blacks would be denied right to vote
• 1877 all federal troops left South as part of
  deal
• solid Democratic South would remain until 1960s

81
Reconstruction Amendments
82

• The complex story of blacks gaining right to vote
  
• Lincoln and Johnson had proposed to give blacks
  right to vote gradually
• 14th Amendment (most important Reconstruction
  Amendment) saw blacks as citizens but not voters
  (like women)
• 1867 Republicans decided that blacks had to be
  given right to vote
• Most Northern had outlawed black voting before
  15th Amendment also South says North
  hypocritical for forcing black vote

83

• Whites angered by former slaves new political
  power attacked blacks and their white allies
• scalawags Southerners (former Unionists or
  Whigs) who supported the North over South
• carpetbaggers Northerners who brought
  everything they owned in carpet bags to come
  South for money and power
• Some Southern whites used violence to oppose
  Reconstruction
• Most well-known organization was the Ku Klux
  Klan, organized in Tennessee in 1866

84
A Warning to Carpetbaggers
85

• Force Acts of 1870 and 1871
• Passed by Congress to use federal troops to put
  down Klan
• Until 1960s, South openly ignored 14th and 15th
  Amendments
• Literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses
  used to keep blacks from voting
• Civil Rights movement would finally bring reforms
  to education, voting and equality

86

• Why more Reconstruction was not done
• Racism
• American beliefs against government interference
  with property rights
• Principle of local self-government
• Indifference in North to blacks situation
• Moderate Republicans underestimate effort
  necessary to make slaves equal in South
• If radical program had been passed, situation for
  blacks might have been different

87
Blacks Unwanted in North and South
88

• Tenure of Office Act (1867)
• Passed over Johnsons veto
• Required president get approval of Senate before
  removing appointees that had required approval of
  Senate
• Contrary to precedent since Washington
• Purpose was to keep Secretary of War Edwin
  Stanton in office
• Appointed by Lincoln secretly worked with
  Radicals

89

• Early 1868 Johnson removed Stanton from office
• House voted 126 to 47 to impeach Johnson
• Senate tried Johnson for his crimes
• Defense argued that Act was unconstitutional
  (Supreme Court agreed, 58 years later)
• May 16, 1868 Johnson not removed by 1 vote
  needed 2/3rds to convict
• 7 Republican Senators voted against impeachment

90
Johnsons Trial in the Senate was hottest ticket
in town
91

• Why impeachment failed
• Fear of creating destabilizing precedent
• Ben Wade, radical Republican, president pro temp
  of the Senate would become president
• Vice presidency was vacant procedure had not
  been set up yet to choose new vice president when
  office empty
• Wade was unpopular with moderate Republicans and
  business community
• Johnson (through attorney) told Republicans he
  would stop obstructing their agenda if allowed to
  remain in office

92
The Purchase of Alaska in 1867

• Russians want to sell Alaska
• Fur production had been greatly reduced
• Wanted to sell to US to strengthen US against
  Russias rival, Britain
• 1867 US buys Alaska for 7.2 million
• Negotiated by Secretary of State William Seward
• Called Sewards Folly by shortsighted critics
  at time
• Seward and others thought there would be natural
  resources (oil, etc.) and were right

93
Alaska and the Lower Forty-eight States (a size
comparison)